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<p>In this study, dissimilar AISI 316&#xa0;L austenitic stainless steel and AISI 4340 tempered steel were joined using the friction welding (FW) technique, and the effects of key process parameters on joint quality were systematically investigated. Welding was performed under varying rotational speeds (2000–2400&#xa0;rpm) and friction times (3–7&#xa0;s), while keeping pressures constant. The flash formation, axial shortening, microstructure, hardness, and mechanical properties of the joints were evaluated. Results indicated that increased rotational speed and friction time led to greater flash diameter and axial shortening, especially on the AISI 4340 side due to its higher thermal conductivity. Microstructural analyses revealed martensitic transformation and acicular ferrite formation at the weld interface, supported by SEM, EDS, and XRD data. The maximum hardness (771.9 HV), tensile strength (719&#xa0;MPa), and torsional torque (84.96 Nm) were obtained at high rotational speed and low friction time.</p>

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Friction welding of AISI 316 L/AISI 4340 steels: relationship between microstructure and mechanical performance

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年3月18日

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  • Edip Çetkin,
  • Sinan Binici,
  • Fatih Demir,
  • Anıl Imak

摘要

In this study, dissimilar AISI 316 L austenitic stainless steel and AISI 4340 tempered steel were joined using the friction welding (FW) technique, and the effects of key process parameters on joint quality were systematically investigated. Welding was performed under varying rotational speeds (2000–2400 rpm) and friction times (3–7 s), while keeping pressures constant. The flash formation, axial shortening, microstructure, hardness, and mechanical properties of the joints were evaluated. Results indicated that increased rotational speed and friction time led to greater flash diameter and axial shortening, especially on the AISI 4340 side due to its higher thermal conductivity. Microstructural analyses revealed martensitic transformation and acicular ferrite formation at the weld interface, supported by SEM, EDS, and XRD data. The maximum hardness (771.9 HV), tensile strength (719 MPa), and torsional torque (84.96 Nm) were obtained at high rotational speed and low friction time.