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<p>This study compared experimental biaxial flexural strength results from piston-on-three-balls (P-3B) tests with finite element method (FEM) predictions in advanced CAD/CAM dental ceramics. Samples of ZrO<sub>2</sub>-3&#xa0;mol.%Y<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub> (3Y-TZP), ZrO<sub>2</sub>-5&#xa0;mol.%Y<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub> (5Y-PSZ), and Li<sub>2</sub>Si<sub>2</sub>O<sub>5</sub> lithium disilicate (LD) were processed and characterized through measurements of relative density, X-ray diffraction, and scanning electron microscopy. The study also assessed hardness, fracture toughness, Young’s modulus, Poisson’s ratio, and flexural strength. Using only elastic properties, simulations were conducted with ABAQUS FEM software, employing a simplified 3D finite element model with 95,580 to 103,440 reduced integration hexahedral solid elements. The measured Young’s modulus, Poisson’s ratio, and biaxial flexural strength yielded average values of 195.3 ± 4.2 GPa, 0.31 ± 0.05, and 1203.4 ± 110.2&#xa0;MPa for 3Y-TZP; 192.2 ± 4.8 GPa, 0.31 ± 0.05, and 607.1 ± 52.9&#xa0;MPa for 5Y-PSZ; and 100.3 ± 4.7 GPa, 0.21 ± 0.04, and 431.3 ± 47.6&#xa0;MPa for LD. The 3D FE models of the P-3B test were established using the measured critical piston load representing the minimum, intermediate, and maximum values for each ceramic group. The predictions of biaxial flexural strength were within 9% for 3Y-TZP and between 9% and 11% for 5Y-PSZ, demonstrating that continuum 3D finite element modeling based on the experimental elastic properties is effective for designing and evaluating dental prostheses made from these zirconia ceramics. Conversely, significant discrepancies between experimental and numerical biaxial flexural strength predictions ranged from 26% to 34% for the LD group. This limitation can be attributed to the substantial intergranular glass phase (~ 27%) in the LD matrix, which critically influences its overall mechanical behavior. Therefore, more advanced constitutive modeling and numerical approaches are needed to accurately capture these microstructural effects in LD glass-ceramics for dental applications.</p>

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Biaxial flexural strength analysis of advanced dental ceramics for dentistry: experiments and FEM simulations

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年2月11日

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  • Paula Cipriano da Silva Vidal,
  • Luciano Pessanha Moreira,
  • José Eduardo Vasconcelos Amarante,
  • Manuel Fellipe Rodrigues Pais Alves,
  • Fernando Araújo da Costa Ward,
  • Claudinei dos Santos

摘要

This study compared experimental biaxial flexural strength results from piston-on-three-balls (P-3B) tests with finite element method (FEM) predictions in advanced CAD/CAM dental ceramics. Samples of ZrO2-3 mol.%Y2O3 (3Y-TZP), ZrO2-5 mol.%Y2O3 (5Y-PSZ), and Li2Si2O5 lithium disilicate (LD) were processed and characterized through measurements of relative density, X-ray diffraction, and scanning electron microscopy. The study also assessed hardness, fracture toughness, Young’s modulus, Poisson’s ratio, and flexural strength. Using only elastic properties, simulations were conducted with ABAQUS FEM software, employing a simplified 3D finite element model with 95,580 to 103,440 reduced integration hexahedral solid elements. The measured Young’s modulus, Poisson’s ratio, and biaxial flexural strength yielded average values of 195.3 ± 4.2 GPa, 0.31 ± 0.05, and 1203.4 ± 110.2 MPa for 3Y-TZP; 192.2 ± 4.8 GPa, 0.31 ± 0.05, and 607.1 ± 52.9 MPa for 5Y-PSZ; and 100.3 ± 4.7 GPa, 0.21 ± 0.04, and 431.3 ± 47.6 MPa for LD. The 3D FE models of the P-3B test were established using the measured critical piston load representing the minimum, intermediate, and maximum values for each ceramic group. The predictions of biaxial flexural strength were within 9% for 3Y-TZP and between 9% and 11% for 5Y-PSZ, demonstrating that continuum 3D finite element modeling based on the experimental elastic properties is effective for designing and evaluating dental prostheses made from these zirconia ceramics. Conversely, significant discrepancies between experimental and numerical biaxial flexural strength predictions ranged from 26% to 34% for the LD group. This limitation can be attributed to the substantial intergranular glass phase (~ 27%) in the LD matrix, which critically influences its overall mechanical behavior. Therefore, more advanced constitutive modeling and numerical approaches are needed to accurately capture these microstructural effects in LD glass-ceramics for dental applications.