<p>To comprehensively analyze the cavitation process in a centrifugal pump, this study divides it into four phases based on the characteristics of vapor volume fraction, head, and cavitation bubble morphology. Numerical simulations with dynamic boundary conditions were employed to determine flow characteristics and energy loss properties. A comparison between the gradual cavitation development phase and the 3% head drop demonstrates that the periodic vortex variations in the former phase exhibit greater stability, thereby confirming the reliability of dynamic boundary conditions. Further analysis of each cavitation phase indicates that as cavitation develops, vapor and vortices significantly affect turbulent entropy generation within the pump's flow field. The growth of vapor leads to a gradual decrease in wall entropy generation on the suction surface of the blade, while wall entropy generation on the pressure surface of the blade increases. During the severe cavitation phase, the rapid growth of vapor results in decreased vortex intensity, flow velocity, and turbulent kinetic energy. Additionally, excessive vapor generation inhibits vortex growth in the impeller channel, thereby reducing energy loss. This research provides new insights into the cavitation characteristics of centrifugal pumps and offers theoretical support for industrial production and design.</p>