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<p>This study presents a comprehensive multi-objective optimization of a diesel engine operating with a BD30 biodiesel blend enhanced with 1000&#xa0;ppm of 2-ethylhexyl nitrate (2-EHN) as a cetane improver. Experimental trials were conducted on a single-cylinder, variable compression ratio CRDI diesel engine across varying engine loads (0–100%), compression ratios (16:1 to 18:1), and EGR rates (0–20%). Response surface methodology (RSM) with central composite design (CCD) was employed to model and optimize key performance (BTE, BSFC, BP) and emission (NOₓ, CO, HC, CO<sub>2</sub>, EGT) parameters. The BD30 + 2EHN blend demonstrated superior thermodynamic performance, achieving a peak BTE of 36% and the lowest BSFC of 0.278&#xa0;kg/kWh at 100% load and CR 18:1. Notably, NOₓ emissions were reduced by 8–10% compared to BD30 due to optimized ignition phasing induced by 2-EHN, while CO and HC emissions also showed marginal reductions. Multi-objective optimization revealed that 60% load and 10% EGR represent an ideal trade-off condition, yielding a composite desirability of 0.722. Model validation against experimental data demonstrated strong predictive capability, with &lt; 1% deviation for thermal parameters and &lt; 2.1% for emissions. The findings confirm the efficacy of 2-EHN in enhancing combustion phasing, improving fuel economy, and moderating emissions, thereby supporting its potential integration into biodiesel-based CI engine strategies for cleaner and efficient combustion.</p>

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Multi-objective optimization of mahua methyl ester/diesel fuel blends with oxygenated additives: a study with RSM, AHP, and WASPAS techniques

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2025年9月2日

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  • Santhosh Kumar Gugulothu,
  • Praveen Barmavatu,
  • M. Siva Surya

摘要

This study presents a comprehensive multi-objective optimization of a diesel engine operating with a BD30 biodiesel blend enhanced with 1000 ppm of 2-ethylhexyl nitrate (2-EHN) as a cetane improver. Experimental trials were conducted on a single-cylinder, variable compression ratio CRDI diesel engine across varying engine loads (0–100%), compression ratios (16:1 to 18:1), and EGR rates (0–20%). Response surface methodology (RSM) with central composite design (CCD) was employed to model and optimize key performance (BTE, BSFC, BP) and emission (NOₓ, CO, HC, CO2, EGT) parameters. The BD30 + 2EHN blend demonstrated superior thermodynamic performance, achieving a peak BTE of 36% and the lowest BSFC of 0.278 kg/kWh at 100% load and CR 18:1. Notably, NOₓ emissions were reduced by 8–10% compared to BD30 due to optimized ignition phasing induced by 2-EHN, while CO and HC emissions also showed marginal reductions. Multi-objective optimization revealed that 60% load and 10% EGR represent an ideal trade-off condition, yielding a composite desirability of 0.722. Model validation against experimental data demonstrated strong predictive capability, with < 1% deviation for thermal parameters and < 2.1% for emissions. The findings confirm the efficacy of 2-EHN in enhancing combustion phasing, improving fuel economy, and moderating emissions, thereby supporting its potential integration into biodiesel-based CI engine strategies for cleaner and efficient combustion.