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<p>Leaf plasticity is a key trait enabling plants to optimize photosynthesis and maintain fitness under diverse environmental conditions. Despite its ecological and economic relevance, <i>Ilex paraguariensis</i> (yerba mate) remains underexplored in this context. This study evaluated the effects of light exposure (sun vs. shade) and container volume on the morphological, anatomical, and physiological traits of yerba mate seedlings. The experiment was conducted in a forest nursery at the Federal University of Paraná, Brazil, from July 2022 to March 2023, using a completely randomized factorial design (two shading levels × two container sizes) with five replications and 33 seedlings per replication. Seedlings grown in larger containers exhibited more vigorous growth, while sun exposure increased the thickness of both spongy and palisade parenchyma. These anatomical adjustments were positively correlated with CO₂ assimilation and total leaf thickness, indicating improved photosynthetic performance. Growth analyses showed that seedlings under full sun conditions outperformed shaded ones. The formation of additional palisade cell layers in sun-exposed leaves reflects enhanced structural adaptation to light availability. Overall, yerba mate seedlings demonstrated high phenotypic plasticity, with superior performance under high irradiance and larger rooting volume, suggesting important implications for nursery practices and silvicultural management.</p>

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Plastic responses of yerba mate seedlings to light and root volume: integrating morphology, anatomy, and physiology

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2025年10月29日

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  • Leonardo Castilho Balbinot,
  • Nelson Luiz Cosmo,
  • Luara Castilho Balbinot,
  • Carlos André Stuepp,
  • Alessandro Camargo Angelo,
  • Dagma Kratz,
  • Alessandra Mara Gogosz

摘要

Leaf plasticity is a key trait enabling plants to optimize photosynthesis and maintain fitness under diverse environmental conditions. Despite its ecological and economic relevance, Ilex paraguariensis (yerba mate) remains underexplored in this context. This study evaluated the effects of light exposure (sun vs. shade) and container volume on the morphological, anatomical, and physiological traits of yerba mate seedlings. The experiment was conducted in a forest nursery at the Federal University of Paraná, Brazil, from July 2022 to March 2023, using a completely randomized factorial design (two shading levels × two container sizes) with five replications and 33 seedlings per replication. Seedlings grown in larger containers exhibited more vigorous growth, while sun exposure increased the thickness of both spongy and palisade parenchyma. These anatomical adjustments were positively correlated with CO₂ assimilation and total leaf thickness, indicating improved photosynthetic performance. Growth analyses showed that seedlings under full sun conditions outperformed shaded ones. The formation of additional palisade cell layers in sun-exposed leaves reflects enhanced structural adaptation to light availability. Overall, yerba mate seedlings demonstrated high phenotypic plasticity, with superior performance under high irradiance and larger rooting volume, suggesting important implications for nursery practices and silvicultural management.