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<p>We study the variation of zenith total delay (ZTD) and precipitable water vapour (PWV) using global positioning system (GPS) data and observed meteorological information over three different topographical zones of Nepal: Terai, Hilly and Himalayan region. Eight GPS stations scattered across these regions were utilized for data collection. Two alternate years, 2015 and 2017 were taken as the study period and the data obtained were analysed to compare trends. Findings indicate that the average PWV levels are higher in the Terai region in comparison to the Hilly and Himalayan region, explaining the precipitation patterns over Nepal. Additionally, the daily PWV patterns show peak levels during mid-day and a decline during the night. The findings highlight the significant variability of PWV across different regions of Nepal and its implications for evaluating PWV variability across regions.</p>

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On the dynamic variability of global positioning system (GPS) derived precipitable water vapour (PWV) over three geographical regions of Nepal

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2025年9月4日

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  • Nisarga Sharma,
  • Arnav Subedi,
  • Basudev Ghimire,
  • Shreeram Nagarkoti,
  • Balaram Khadka

摘要

We study the variation of zenith total delay (ZTD) and precipitable water vapour (PWV) using global positioning system (GPS) data and observed meteorological information over three different topographical zones of Nepal: Terai, Hilly and Himalayan region. Eight GPS stations scattered across these regions were utilized for data collection. Two alternate years, 2015 and 2017 were taken as the study period and the data obtained were analysed to compare trends. Findings indicate that the average PWV levels are higher in the Terai region in comparison to the Hilly and Himalayan region, explaining the precipitation patterns over Nepal. Additionally, the daily PWV patterns show peak levels during mid-day and a decline during the night. The findings highlight the significant variability of PWV across different regions of Nepal and its implications for evaluating PWV variability across regions.