Two meaningful secret image sharing schemes based on integer wavelet transform and \({\text {LWE}}\)

In a meaningful secret image-sharing scheme, the distribution of an image among participants occurs without arousing suspicion from potential adversaries. In this paper, we introduce two secret image-sharing schemes based on the learning-with-error (LWE) problem. Both schemes use the integer wavelet transform (IWT) domain of the cover image to embed the generated hidden values. The first scheme is reversible and allows accurate recovery of the cover image after extracting the secret image. In the second scheme, we use color overlay images in the frequency domain with meaningful representation. In this scheme, Joseph’s problem is also used for embedding shadow images. Theoretical analysis and experimental results show that both schemes provide increased embedding capacity and produce superior steganographic overlay image quality compared to similar schemes.