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<p>As fossil fuel reserves decline and global warming accelerates, the transition to clean and sustainable energy sources has become increasingly urgent. Wind energy stands out among renewable options due to its scalability and potential for large-scale grid integration. However, its inherent intermittent calls for advanced control strategies to ensure efficient and stable operation. This paper presents the design of a fractional-order proportional–integral (FOPI) controller, developed by extending a conventional PI controller through the inclusion of a tunable fractional-order parameter (<InlineEquation ID="IEq1"> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\(\mu \)</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <mi>μ</mi> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation>), for maximum power point tracking (MPPT) in a doubly-fed induction generator (DFIG)-based wind energy conversion system (WECS). The study focuses on evaluating the impact of varying the fractional order <InlineEquation ID="IEq2"> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\(\mu \)</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <mi>μ</mi> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation> on system performance, with the aim of enhancing control accuracy, robustness, and dynamic response. The system is tested exclusively under two wind speed scenarios: step changes and random fluctuations. Key performance indicators such as stator and rotor active/reactive power, rotor speed, electromagnetic torque, current profiles, and frequency support capability are examined. Simulation results in MATLAB/Simulink demonstrate that the FOPI controller significantly outperforms the conventional PI controller in terms of tracking accuracy, stability, and disturbance rejection, highlighting the benefits of fractional-order control in wind energy applications.</p>

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Comparative Study of FOPI Controllers with Distinct Fractional Orders for MPPT in Grid-Connected DFIG-Based Wind Energy Systems

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年1月17日

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  • Yakob Kiros Teklehaimanot,
  • Brendan Chijioke Ubochi,
  • Thomas Olabode Ale,
  • Kayode Francis Akingbade

摘要

As fossil fuel reserves decline and global warming accelerates, the transition to clean and sustainable energy sources has become increasingly urgent. Wind energy stands out among renewable options due to its scalability and potential for large-scale grid integration. However, its inherent intermittent calls for advanced control strategies to ensure efficient and stable operation. This paper presents the design of a fractional-order proportional–integral (FOPI) controller, developed by extending a conventional PI controller through the inclusion of a tunable fractional-order parameter ( \(\mu \) μ ), for maximum power point tracking (MPPT) in a doubly-fed induction generator (DFIG)-based wind energy conversion system (WECS). The study focuses on evaluating the impact of varying the fractional order \(\mu \) μ on system performance, with the aim of enhancing control accuracy, robustness, and dynamic response. The system is tested exclusively under two wind speed scenarios: step changes and random fluctuations. Key performance indicators such as stator and rotor active/reactive power, rotor speed, electromagnetic torque, current profiles, and frequency support capability are examined. Simulation results in MATLAB/Simulink demonstrate that the FOPI controller significantly outperforms the conventional PI controller in terms of tracking accuracy, stability, and disturbance rejection, highlighting the benefits of fractional-order control in wind energy applications.