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<p>In this paper, we construct an electric vehicle (EV) supply chain comprising an EV manufacturer, a long-range battery supplier, and a normal-range battery supplier. The manufacturer produces two types of EVs and may engage in joint battery production through cooperative investment with a supplier. Three strategies are examined: non-cooperation (Strategy 1), cooperation with the long-range supplier (Strategy 2), and cooperation with the normal-range supplier (Strategy 3). The analysis shows that cooperation is profitable when the cost of cooperation is low. Strategy 2 benefits the long-range supplier but harms the normal-range supplier, while Strategy 3 has the opposite effect. When the range difference is large, the manufacturer prefers cooperation with the long-range supplier; when small, with the normal-range supplier; and when moderate, with the supplier holding lower bargaining power. Cooperation does not always enhance overall supply-chain profitability.</p>

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Battery Production Model Decisions in the EV Supply Chain

  • 期刊论文

  • 出版模式：

    开放获取

  • 发表日期：

    2026年5月28日

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  • Min Yang,
  • Bao-Rong Xiang,
  • Xuan-Yu Wu,
  • Liang Liang

摘要

In this paper, we construct an electric vehicle (EV) supply chain comprising an EV manufacturer, a long-range battery supplier, and a normal-range battery supplier. The manufacturer produces two types of EVs and may engage in joint battery production through cooperative investment with a supplier. Three strategies are examined: non-cooperation (Strategy 1), cooperation with the long-range supplier (Strategy 2), and cooperation with the normal-range supplier (Strategy 3). The analysis shows that cooperation is profitable when the cost of cooperation is low. Strategy 2 benefits the long-range supplier but harms the normal-range supplier, while Strategy 3 has the opposite effect. When the range difference is large, the manufacturer prefers cooperation with the long-range supplier; when small, with the normal-range supplier; and when moderate, with the supplier holding lower bargaining power. Cooperation does not always enhance overall supply-chain profitability.