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<p>Willingness to communicate (WTC) with generative artificial intelligence (GenAI) voice chatbots is pivotal for enhancing second language (L2) speaking skills. Guided by MacIntyre et al.’s pyramid model, we investigated how dark personality traits (Machiavellianism, Narcissism, Psychopathy) and regulatory focus (promotion vs. prevention) shape L2 learners’ WTC with GenAI. Data were collected from 2671 college students in China and analyzed using structural equation modeling (SEM) in AMOS 24 and fuzzy-set qualitative comparative analysis (fsQCA) in fsQCA 4.1. SEM revealed that Machiavellianism and Narcissism positively predicted WTC both directly and indirectly via promotion focus, with direct effects stronger than indirect ones, while Psychopathy exerted a direct negative effect. Prevention focus showed no significant independent influence. fsQCA identified five configurations linked to high WTC: <i>Pragmatic Opportunist</i>, <i>Strategic Self-presenter</i>, <i>Cautious Achiever</i>, <i>Equipped Achievement Seeker</i>, and <i>Positive Performer</i>. Across these, Machiavellianism and promotion focus consistently emerged as core drivers, with prevention focus interacting with promotion focus in certain contexts to strengthen WTC. Our findings elucidate the complex interplay between personality and motivation in GenAI-empowered settings. They underscore the need for personalized, motivation-sensitive instructional designs that leverage learners’ psychological profiles to foster effective L2 communication.</p>

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Explaining Second Language Learners’ Willingness to Communicate with GenAI Voice Chatbots via SEM and fsQCA: The Role of Dark Personality and Motivational Dispositions

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年6月22日

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  • Hanwei Wu,
  • Gurpinder Singh Lalli,
  • Yang Xia

摘要

Willingness to communicate (WTC) with generative artificial intelligence (GenAI) voice chatbots is pivotal for enhancing second language (L2) speaking skills. Guided by MacIntyre et al.’s pyramid model, we investigated how dark personality traits (Machiavellianism, Narcissism, Psychopathy) and regulatory focus (promotion vs. prevention) shape L2 learners’ WTC with GenAI. Data were collected from 2671 college students in China and analyzed using structural equation modeling (SEM) in AMOS 24 and fuzzy-set qualitative comparative analysis (fsQCA) in fsQCA 4.1. SEM revealed that Machiavellianism and Narcissism positively predicted WTC both directly and indirectly via promotion focus, with direct effects stronger than indirect ones, while Psychopathy exerted a direct negative effect. Prevention focus showed no significant independent influence. fsQCA identified five configurations linked to high WTC: Pragmatic Opportunist, Strategic Self-presenter, Cautious Achiever, Equipped Achievement Seeker, and Positive Performer. Across these, Machiavellianism and promotion focus consistently emerged as core drivers, with prevention focus interacting with promotion focus in certain contexts to strengthen WTC. Our findings elucidate the complex interplay between personality and motivation in GenAI-empowered settings. They underscore the need for personalized, motivation-sensitive instructional designs that leverage learners’ psychological profiles to foster effective L2 communication.