Antarctic Expeditions: A Systematic Review of the Physiological, Nutritional, Body Composition and Psychological Responses to Treks Across the Continental Ice

Background

Antarctic expeditions, although supported by scientific knowledge, face various challenges, with little research conducted to explore the physical demands that explorers experience.

Objective

To summarise physiological, psychological, body composition and nutritional changes faced during trek expeditions in the Antarctic’s continental portion.

Design

Systematic review.

Information sources

We used PubMed, SPORTDiscus, PsycINFO, Scopus, Cochrane databases, CINAHL and Medline Ovid to search for studies published up to January 2023.

Eligibility criteria

We included original articles or case reports published in English and in peer-reviewed journals, involving both sexes, using both quantitative and qualitative approaches, that considered Antarctic continent expedition, as well as solo exploration/group exploration. Animal studies, in vitro studies, explorers < 18 years of age, overwintering at research stations, tourist/organized visits to Antarctica or the South Pole, not sleeping on the ice, and ultraendurance events were excluded. The JBI critical appraisal checklist for case studies was used for quality assessment.

Results

A total of 12 studies met the eligibility criteria. The main findings are reversible changes in bone density and mineral content. Despite high-calorie intake (5000 kcal/day or more), participants experienced body weight loss and a decrease in appetite-regulating hormones. Motivation and goal orientation, positive interpersonal communication and support are important skills during polar expeditions. Multidisciplinary research revealed various physiological and cognitive responses, disrupted sleep patterns and mood changes.

Conclusion

Prolonged hypobaric hypoxia reduces aerobic capacity and increases anaerobic metabolism, while bone density changes are reversible and weight loss occurs despite high-calorie intake. Effective decision-making, teamwork and personal growth are crucial for Antarctic explorers. Future studies need to investigate strategies on how to improve physiological functions while maintaining homeostasis.

Registration

PROSPERO—CRD42022382609.