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Background <p>Antibiotic contamination in aquatic systems demands advanced oxidation solutions. This study develops a nano zero-valent iron (nZVI)-activated peroxide system to address sulfadiazine (SDZ) persistence and associated ecological risks.</p> Methods <p>Structural properties of nZVI were analyzed by TEM/XRD. Process parameters were optimized through Box-Behnken design. Degradation mechanisms were investigated via radical quenching experiments, HPLC-MS analysis, and acute toxicity bioassays. ‌</p> Significant findings <p>The system achieved complete SDZ (20&#xa0;mg L⁻¹) removal within 5&#xa0;min under optimal conditions (pH 2.44, 0.12&#xa0;g L⁻¹ nZVI, 0.009% H₂O₂), showing strong agreement with pseudo-first-order kinetics (k = 0.637&#xa0;min ⁻¹, R²=0.998). Hydroxyl radicals dominated SDZ degradation, generating 12 transformation products through amino oxidation, hydroxylation, and sulfonamide bridge cleavage. Toxicity reduction (60–90% EC50 improvement) confirmed effective detoxification. This work establishes nZVI-driven peroxide activation as a viable strategy for antibiotic wastewater remediation.</p> Graphical abstract <p></p>

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Activation of H2O2 by nano zero-valent iron (nZVI) enables fast sulfadiazine degradation: mechanistic insights and process optimization

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2025年10月11日

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  • Weishi Luo,
  • Jiayu Cao,
  • Weixuan Dai,
  • Qingfen Geng,
  • Yuankai Qiu,
  • Hanying Yu,
  • Zhuotian Ye,
  • Huan Liu

摘要

Background

Antibiotic contamination in aquatic systems demands advanced oxidation solutions. This study develops a nano zero-valent iron (nZVI)-activated peroxide system to address sulfadiazine (SDZ) persistence and associated ecological risks.

Methods

Structural properties of nZVI were analyzed by TEM/XRD. Process parameters were optimized through Box-Behnken design. Degradation mechanisms were investigated via radical quenching experiments, HPLC-MS analysis, and acute toxicity bioassays. ‌

Significant findings

The system achieved complete SDZ (20 mg L⁻¹) removal within 5 min under optimal conditions (pH 2.44, 0.12 g L⁻¹ nZVI, 0.009% H₂O₂), showing strong agreement with pseudo-first-order kinetics (k = 0.637 min ⁻¹, R²=0.998). Hydroxyl radicals dominated SDZ degradation, generating 12 transformation products through amino oxidation, hydroxylation, and sulfonamide bridge cleavage. Toxicity reduction (60–90% EC50 improvement) confirmed effective detoxification. This work establishes nZVI-driven peroxide activation as a viable strategy for antibiotic wastewater remediation.

Graphical abstract