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<p>Based on the GMAW technology, this paper investigates the impact of substrate inclination angle, welding voltage, and welding current on the macroscopic morphology, temperature field, stress field, and microstructure of the weld. The research adopts a combined method of “numerical simulation – experimental verification” and uses a high-speed camera to capture the dynamic behavior of the molten pool. The results show that under identical process parameters, the heat input to the molten pool remains consistent across different inclination angles, with the maximum temperature during the entire process reaching 1517&#xa0;°C. The equivalent stress is concentrated at the center of the weld, initially increasing and then decreasing as the inclination angle increases. The deposition size of the weld bead exhibits a trend of initially increasing and then decreasing as the inclination angle increases. The deposition size reaches its maximum value when the inclination angle is 45°, at which point the molten height is 2.25&#xa0;mm, the molten width is 6&#xa0;mm, and the molten depth is 0.99&#xa0;mm. When the welding voltage increases from 18 to 26&#xa0;V, the molten width increases with the increase in voltage, with an increase in amplitude of 59%. The molten height and molten depth initially increase and then decrease. As the welding current increases, the molten height and molten depth continuously increase, while the molten width fluctuates within a certain range. As the welding current increases, the molten height and molten depth duratively increase, while the molten width fluctuates within a certain range. The regression model established through response surface methodology has validated the influence pattern of process parameters on weld bead geometry. It provides a theoretical basis and practical guidance for improving the morphology of asymmetric welds on inclined substrates.</p>

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Weld bead formation in GMAW on inclined substrates: influence of angle, voltage, and current

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2025年11月14日

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  • Yazhou Jia,
  • Pan Gao,
  • Shilong Qu,
  • Jianyu Gu,
  • Jiahao Liang,
  • Qiang Ling,
  • Yunjing Chen

摘要

Based on the GMAW technology, this paper investigates the impact of substrate inclination angle, welding voltage, and welding current on the macroscopic morphology, temperature field, stress field, and microstructure of the weld. The research adopts a combined method of “numerical simulation – experimental verification” and uses a high-speed camera to capture the dynamic behavior of the molten pool. The results show that under identical process parameters, the heat input to the molten pool remains consistent across different inclination angles, with the maximum temperature during the entire process reaching 1517 °C. The equivalent stress is concentrated at the center of the weld, initially increasing and then decreasing as the inclination angle increases. The deposition size of the weld bead exhibits a trend of initially increasing and then decreasing as the inclination angle increases. The deposition size reaches its maximum value when the inclination angle is 45°, at which point the molten height is 2.25 mm, the molten width is 6 mm, and the molten depth is 0.99 mm. When the welding voltage increases from 18 to 26 V, the molten width increases with the increase in voltage, with an increase in amplitude of 59%. The molten height and molten depth initially increase and then decrease. As the welding current increases, the molten height and molten depth continuously increase, while the molten width fluctuates within a certain range. As the welding current increases, the molten height and molten depth duratively increase, while the molten width fluctuates within a certain range. The regression model established through response surface methodology has validated the influence pattern of process parameters on weld bead geometry. It provides a theoretical basis and practical guidance for improving the morphology of asymmetric welds on inclined substrates.