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<p>In the present study, laser welding of EN16NCD13 steel in keyhole mode was conducted, and deformation heterogeneity between weld and base material is investigated using instrumented indentation and 2D digital image correlation (DIC). The effect of laser scanning speed (800 to 1200&#xa0;mm/min) on weld bead geometry, microstructure, and phases was examined and correlated with the molten pool thermal history measured using a non-contact IR pyrometer. Due to rapid cooling rates (⁓232.6 to ⁓637.6&#xa0;°C/s), martensitic phase formed in all welds regardless of scanning speed, while metal carbide precipitation occurred in the heat-affected zone (HAZ), leading to a ~ 1.8-fold increase (418 ± 5 HV0.5) in fusion zone hardness. These phase formations resulted in elastic moduli of ~ 273.7 GPa in the fusion zone and ~ 257.8 GPa in the HAZ, compared to ~ 226.2 GPa in the substrate. Lower laser scanning speeds caused underfill in the weld zone, while a higher speed of 1200&#xa0;mm/min resulted in keyhole porosity. Despite these anomalies, tensile tests showed failure in the base material, indicating the weld zone’s superior strength. Furthermore, 2D DIC analysis is also carried out and localized weld zone strains are captured in order to understand the deformation heterogeneity. The weld samples exhibited a strength and strain coefficient in the range of 796.6 ± 36.8&#xa0;MPa and 0.38 ± 0.06, while the base material exhibited 494.2 ± 24.6&#xa0;MPa and 0.07 ± 0.01, respectively.</p>

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A study on the deformation heterogeneity in laser-welded EN16NCD13 grade steel analyzed using digital image correlation

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2025年2月20日

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  • Bikram K. Khandai,
  • Yash R Tandel,
  • Arkajyoti Jha,
  • Vijay Uttamrao Petley,
  • S Rajeswari,
  • M. Ramji,
  • Muvvala Gopinath

摘要

In the present study, laser welding of EN16NCD13 steel in keyhole mode was conducted, and deformation heterogeneity between weld and base material is investigated using instrumented indentation and 2D digital image correlation (DIC). The effect of laser scanning speed (800 to 1200 mm/min) on weld bead geometry, microstructure, and phases was examined and correlated with the molten pool thermal history measured using a non-contact IR pyrometer. Due to rapid cooling rates (⁓232.6 to ⁓637.6 °C/s), martensitic phase formed in all welds regardless of scanning speed, while metal carbide precipitation occurred in the heat-affected zone (HAZ), leading to a ~ 1.8-fold increase (418 ± 5 HV0.5) in fusion zone hardness. These phase formations resulted in elastic moduli of ~ 273.7 GPa in the fusion zone and ~ 257.8 GPa in the HAZ, compared to ~ 226.2 GPa in the substrate. Lower laser scanning speeds caused underfill in the weld zone, while a higher speed of 1200 mm/min resulted in keyhole porosity. Despite these anomalies, tensile tests showed failure in the base material, indicating the weld zone’s superior strength. Furthermore, 2D DIC analysis is also carried out and localized weld zone strains are captured in order to understand the deformation heterogeneity. The weld samples exhibited a strength and strain coefficient in the range of 796.6 ± 36.8 MPa and 0.38 ± 0.06, while the base material exhibited 494.2 ± 24.6 MPa and 0.07 ± 0.01, respectively.