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Introduction <p>Evidence on the impact of influenza on health-related quality of life (HRQoL) and work productivity and activity impairment (WPAI) remains limited. This study evaluated changes in the EuroQol Visual Analogue Scale (EQ-VAS), EuroQol Utility Index (EQ-UI), absenteeism, presenteeism, work productivity loss, and activity impairment over 1 month during the high-severity 2024–2025 influenza season in the USA.</p> Methods <p>Symptomatic adults (≥ 18&#xa0;years) with a positive influenza test at ambulatory care clinics within a national US retail pharmacy chain (10/24/2024–4/15/2025) and symptom onset ≤ 4&#xa0;days of positive test were included. HRQoL was assessed on days 1–7, 10, 14, and week 4 and WPAI on days 1, 7, 14, and week 4. Mixed models for repeated measures estimated mean changes and standard error (SE) from baseline, adjusting for relevant covariates.</p> Results <p>The analysis included 724 adults (mean [standard deviation (SD)] age: 42.0 [13.0] years; 74.2% female). HRQoL declined following infection: EQ-VAS decreased by 26.6 points (SE 0.9) on day 1 (<i>p</i> &lt; 0.001) and 3.8 (0.8) on day 10 (<i>p</i> &lt; 0.001), while EQ-UI scores decreased by 0.20 (0.01) on day 1 (<i>p</i> &lt; 0.001) and 0.02 (0.01) on day 7 (<i>p</i> &lt; 0.001). Compared with baseline, absenteeism rose by 58.3% (1.9) on day 1 and 34.9% (1.9) on day 7 (<i>p</i> &lt; 0.001); presenteeism increased by 59.2% (2.0), 43.2% (2.0), and 8.8% (1.7) on days 1, 7, and 14 respectively (<i>p</i> &lt; 0.001). Work productivity loss rose by 76.3% (1.7) on day 1, 55.5% (2.1) on day 7, and 8.1% (1.8) on day 14 (<i>p</i> &lt; 0.001). Activity impairment increased by 62.6% (1.6) on Day 1, 43.6% (1.8) on day 7, and 6.6% (1.6) on day 14 (<i>p</i> &lt; 0.001).</p> Conclusions <p>Influenza was associated with marked declines in HRQoL, productivity, and daily functioning in symptomatic outpatients, highlighting the importance of patient-reported outcomes in capturing influenza’s real-world burden.</p> Trial Registration <p>ClinicalTrials.gov identifier.</p> <p>Graphical Abstract available for this article.</p> Graphical Abstract <p></p>

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The Impact of Influenza on Health-Related Quality of Life, Work Productivity, and Activity Impairment Among Symptomatic US Patients with Influenza

  • 期刊论文

  • 出版模式：

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  • 发表日期：

    2026年7月24日

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  • Tianyan Hu,
  • Laura L. Lupton,
  • Alon Yehoshua,
  • Joseph C. Cappelleri,
  • Meghan B. Gavaghan,
  • Verna L. Welch,
  • Santiago M. C. Lopez,
  • Rachel Brathwaite,
  • Manuela Di Fusco,
  • Xiaowu Sun

摘要

Introduction

Evidence on the impact of influenza on health-related quality of life (HRQoL) and work productivity and activity impairment (WPAI) remains limited. This study evaluated changes in the EuroQol Visual Analogue Scale (EQ-VAS), EuroQol Utility Index (EQ-UI), absenteeism, presenteeism, work productivity loss, and activity impairment over 1 month during the high-severity 2024–2025 influenza season in the USA.

Methods

Symptomatic adults (≥ 18 years) with a positive influenza test at ambulatory care clinics within a national US retail pharmacy chain (10/24/2024–4/15/2025) and symptom onset ≤ 4 days of positive test were included. HRQoL was assessed on days 1–7, 10, 14, and week 4 and WPAI on days 1, 7, 14, and week 4. Mixed models for repeated measures estimated mean changes and standard error (SE) from baseline, adjusting for relevant covariates.

Results

The analysis included 724 adults (mean [standard deviation (SD)] age: 42.0 [13.0] years; 74.2% female). HRQoL declined following infection: EQ-VAS decreased by 26.6 points (SE 0.9) on day 1 (p < 0.001) and 3.8 (0.8) on day 10 (p < 0.001), while EQ-UI scores decreased by 0.20 (0.01) on day 1 (p < 0.001) and 0.02 (0.01) on day 7 (p < 0.001). Compared with baseline, absenteeism rose by 58.3% (1.9) on day 1 and 34.9% (1.9) on day 7 (p < 0.001); presenteeism increased by 59.2% (2.0), 43.2% (2.0), and 8.8% (1.7) on days 1, 7, and 14 respectively (p < 0.001). Work productivity loss rose by 76.3% (1.7) on day 1, 55.5% (2.1) on day 7, and 8.1% (1.8) on day 14 (p < 0.001). Activity impairment increased by 62.6% (1.6) on Day 1, 43.6% (1.8) on day 7, and 6.6% (1.6) on day 14 (p < 0.001).

Conclusions

Influenza was associated with marked declines in HRQoL, productivity, and daily functioning in symptomatic outpatients, highlighting the importance of patient-reported outcomes in capturing influenza’s real-world burden.

Trial Registration

ClinicalTrials.gov identifier.

Graphical Abstract available for this article.

Graphical Abstract