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<p>This study investigates the modal response of the Bhakra concrete gravity dam (CGD) in India using the commercial finite element (FE) software ANSYS. Also, to determine the optimal mesh size ensuring grid independence, various element sizes are analyzed, and the most suitable value is identified based on convergence of 1st mode frequency by using the Response Surface Optimization (RSO) approach. An investigation of the dam-reservoir water-foundation soil interaction is performed by using both added mass and Lagrangian frameworks. The added mass (Westergaard approach) is more straightforward and computationally efficient; however, it is unable to capture sloshing frequencies. Moreover, previous studies have shown that this method tends to overestimate coupled frequencies, whereas the Lagrangian approach yields results that more accurately reflect the modal response of the coupled system. Compared to the dam-massless foundation model without fluid-structure interaction (FSI), the natural frequencies of the dam-reservoir-massless foundation model are considerably lower. Unexpectedly, the presence of FSI in the dam-foundation system results in higher natural frequencies compared to the model without FSI. Finally, the frequency of the fundamental coupled mode, defined by the highest effective mass, generally reduces with increasing water level, except at approximately 43&#xa0;m, where the natural frequency is at its maximum.</p>

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Finite-Element Based Modal Response of a Bhakra Dam Considering Stiffening Effect Due to Hydrostatic Loading and Coupled Structure-Fluid-Soil Interaction

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年5月20日

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  • Abhishek Sharma,
  • K. Nallasivam

摘要

This study investigates the modal response of the Bhakra concrete gravity dam (CGD) in India using the commercial finite element (FE) software ANSYS. Also, to determine the optimal mesh size ensuring grid independence, various element sizes are analyzed, and the most suitable value is identified based on convergence of 1st mode frequency by using the Response Surface Optimization (RSO) approach. An investigation of the dam-reservoir water-foundation soil interaction is performed by using both added mass and Lagrangian frameworks. The added mass (Westergaard approach) is more straightforward and computationally efficient; however, it is unable to capture sloshing frequencies. Moreover, previous studies have shown that this method tends to overestimate coupled frequencies, whereas the Lagrangian approach yields results that more accurately reflect the modal response of the coupled system. Compared to the dam-massless foundation model without fluid-structure interaction (FSI), the natural frequencies of the dam-reservoir-massless foundation model are considerably lower. Unexpectedly, the presence of FSI in the dam-foundation system results in higher natural frequencies compared to the model without FSI. Finally, the frequency of the fundamental coupled mode, defined by the highest effective mass, generally reduces with increasing water level, except at approximately 43 m, where the natural frequency is at its maximum.