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<p>Retaining walls are vital geotechnical structures used to stabilize soil masses, and support steep or vertical slopes. This study presents a generalized analytical approach for estimating the lateral active earth pressure on rigid battered retaining walls with sloping cohesive–frictional (<i>c</i>-<i>ϕ</i>) backfills, incorporating the arching effect. The proposed model is validated through model-scale experiments and finite element simulations, showing close agreement between predicted, measured, and numerical results. A parametric analysis was further conducted to assess the effects of slope angle (<i>β</i>), soil friction angle (<i>ϕ</i>), wall–soil interface friction (<i>δ</i>), and cohesion (<i>c</i>) on the active earth pressure and its point of application. The results indicate that the active thrust decreases with increasing <i>ϕ</i> and cohesion, while it increases progressively with higher slope angles for a constant <i>ϕ</i> or <i>c</i>. The normalized point of application moves downward with increasing <i>ϕ</i> and cohesion and decreasing <i>δ.</i></p>

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A Generalized Solution for Active Earth Pressure on Retaining Walls Considering Arching Effect Under Base Rotation

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年3月17日

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  • Gopika Rajagopal,
  • Nitesh Kumar Yadav,
  • Sudheesh Thiyyakkandi

摘要

Retaining walls are vital geotechnical structures used to stabilize soil masses, and support steep or vertical slopes. This study presents a generalized analytical approach for estimating the lateral active earth pressure on rigid battered retaining walls with sloping cohesive–frictional (c-ϕ) backfills, incorporating the arching effect. The proposed model is validated through model-scale experiments and finite element simulations, showing close agreement between predicted, measured, and numerical results. A parametric analysis was further conducted to assess the effects of slope angle (β), soil friction angle (ϕ), wall–soil interface friction (δ), and cohesion (c) on the active earth pressure and its point of application. The results indicate that the active thrust decreases with increasing ϕ and cohesion, while it increases progressively with higher slope angles for a constant ϕ or c. The normalized point of application moves downward with increasing ϕ and cohesion and decreasing δ.