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<p>Using ground granulated blast furnace slag (GGBFS) as the matrix and sequentially incorporating red mud (RM), steel slag (SS), and fly ash (FA) as additives, a geopolymer-based quaternary synchronous grouting material was prepared through alkali activation consisting of Na<sub>2</sub>SiO<sub>3</sub> and NaOH. Workability, strength and durability of synchronous slurries were investigated. Micro-morphology and pore structure of hardened pastes were analyzed using SEM and MIP methods, the mineral composition was characterized through XRD, FTIR, and TG-DSC methods. The results showed that mechanical performance of grout with 30% RM in RM-GGBFS system and 30% SS in RM-GGBFS-SS system exhibited significant advantages. The 28d compressive strength of RM-GGBFS-SS-FA system containing 30% FA achieved 35.4&#xa0;MPa, which was 3.4&#xa0;MPa higher than that of pure GGBFS sample. The optimal mix proportion for the quaternary system grout was determined. The erosion effect of MgSO<sub>4</sub> solution on the optimized quaternary binder was stronger than that of Na<sub>2</sub>SO<sub>4</sub> solution. Microscopic analysis revealed that FA was involved in the geopolymerization reaction, which confirms that the synergistic effect among the multiple solid wastes promoted the formation of hydration products. Both ternary and quaternary systems showed significantly higher microstructural density at 28 days compared to that of binary system matrix. Compared with pure GGBFS, the optimized quaternary system exhibited a notable reduction in large gel pores (0.01–0.05&#xa0;μm) and capillary pores (0.05–10&#xa0;μm), indicating microstructural compactness was improved significantly. The optimal mix ratio of RM: GGBFS: SS: FA was 18:40:18:24. Its comprehensive performance was significantly superior to that of cement-based grout. This study provided a high-performance and environmentally friendly quaternary synchronous grouting material for shield tunneling engineering.</p> Graphical abstract <p></p>

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Study on Performance of Alkali-Activated Quaternary Synchronous Grout

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年3月4日

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  • Guobo Liu,
  • Quanfeng Wang,
  • Jinlong Wang,
  • Fei Sha,
  • Chaojun Mao,
  • Hui Yao

摘要

Using ground granulated blast furnace slag (GGBFS) as the matrix and sequentially incorporating red mud (RM), steel slag (SS), and fly ash (FA) as additives, a geopolymer-based quaternary synchronous grouting material was prepared through alkali activation consisting of Na2SiO3 and NaOH. Workability, strength and durability of synchronous slurries were investigated. Micro-morphology and pore structure of hardened pastes were analyzed using SEM and MIP methods, the mineral composition was characterized through XRD, FTIR, and TG-DSC methods. The results showed that mechanical performance of grout with 30% RM in RM-GGBFS system and 30% SS in RM-GGBFS-SS system exhibited significant advantages. The 28d compressive strength of RM-GGBFS-SS-FA system containing 30% FA achieved 35.4 MPa, which was 3.4 MPa higher than that of pure GGBFS sample. The optimal mix proportion for the quaternary system grout was determined. The erosion effect of MgSO4 solution on the optimized quaternary binder was stronger than that of Na2SO4 solution. Microscopic analysis revealed that FA was involved in the geopolymerization reaction, which confirms that the synergistic effect among the multiple solid wastes promoted the formation of hydration products. Both ternary and quaternary systems showed significantly higher microstructural density at 28 days compared to that of binary system matrix. Compared with pure GGBFS, the optimized quaternary system exhibited a notable reduction in large gel pores (0.01–0.05 μm) and capillary pores (0.05–10 μm), indicating microstructural compactness was improved significantly. The optimal mix ratio of RM: GGBFS: SS: FA was 18:40:18:24. Its comprehensive performance was significantly superior to that of cement-based grout. This study provided a high-performance and environmentally friendly quaternary synchronous grouting material for shield tunneling engineering.

Graphical abstract