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<p>This study explores the geotechnical performance of expansive Black Cotton Soil (BC soil) when stabilized with Red Mud (RM), an industrial by-product, and varying percentages of lime to enhance its suitability as a pavement subgrade material. BC soil is characterised by high swelling and shrinkage behaviour, creating serious challenges in constructing pavements, embankments, and foundations. Simultaneously, RM spills resulting from dyke breaches raise environmental concerns, making its safe and beneficial utilisation a priority. Stabilizing RM with lime provides an environmentally sustainable approach for geotechnical applications. Laboratory investigations were performed with six lime dosages (3%, 5%, 7%, 10%, 15%, and 20%) combined with four RM proportions (10%, 20%, 30%, and 40%). The study evaluated Unconfined Compressive Strength (UCS), California Bearing Ratio (CBR), Maximum Dry Density (MDD), and Optimum Moisture Content (OMC). Results showed steady increases in UCS and CBR with higher RM and lime contents, reaching optimum performance at 30% RM and 10% lime. Beyond this level, slight reductions in strength and durability occurred due to excess fines and unreacted lime. The optimum mix achieved a peak UCS of 5.53&#xa0;MPa, which lies within the IRC (2018) recommended range (4.5–7.0&#xa0;MPa) for pavement subbase and base courses. Moreover, MDD improved while OMC decreased, indicating better compaction properties. Strain analyses using IITPAVE confirmed permissible limits. Overall, the stabilization of BC soil with RM and lime significantly enhances strength and durability while promoting the sustainable use of industrial waste in low-volume road construction.</p>

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Geotechnical Performance of Black Cotton Soil Stabilization Using Red Mud and Varying Lime Contents for Pavement Subgrades Using IITPAVE Software

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年1月22日

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  • N. Murali Mohan,
  • G. Venkata Ramana,
  • Y. Sudheer Kumar,
  • V. Ramana Murthy

摘要

This study explores the geotechnical performance of expansive Black Cotton Soil (BC soil) when stabilized with Red Mud (RM), an industrial by-product, and varying percentages of lime to enhance its suitability as a pavement subgrade material. BC soil is characterised by high swelling and shrinkage behaviour, creating serious challenges in constructing pavements, embankments, and foundations. Simultaneously, RM spills resulting from dyke breaches raise environmental concerns, making its safe and beneficial utilisation a priority. Stabilizing RM with lime provides an environmentally sustainable approach for geotechnical applications. Laboratory investigations were performed with six lime dosages (3%, 5%, 7%, 10%, 15%, and 20%) combined with four RM proportions (10%, 20%, 30%, and 40%). The study evaluated Unconfined Compressive Strength (UCS), California Bearing Ratio (CBR), Maximum Dry Density (MDD), and Optimum Moisture Content (OMC). Results showed steady increases in UCS and CBR with higher RM and lime contents, reaching optimum performance at 30% RM and 10% lime. Beyond this level, slight reductions in strength and durability occurred due to excess fines and unreacted lime. The optimum mix achieved a peak UCS of 5.53 MPa, which lies within the IRC (2018) recommended range (4.5–7.0 MPa) for pavement subbase and base courses. Moreover, MDD improved while OMC decreased, indicating better compaction properties. Strain analyses using IITPAVE confirmed permissible limits. Overall, the stabilization of BC soil with RM and lime significantly enhances strength and durability while promoting the sustainable use of industrial waste in low-volume road construction.