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<p>The increasing global demand for aluminium and phosphoric acid has led to significant accumulations of industrial by-products, namely red mud (RM) and phosphogypsum (PG), posing severe environmental challenges due to their high alkalinity and leaching potential. This study critically evaluates the treatment and utilization of RM and PG in pavement composite materials, focusing on their neutralization techniques, mechanical properties, and environmental feasibility. Various treatment methods including acid activation, thermal treatment, seawater neutralization, and CO₂ sequestration are analyzed for their effectiveness in reducing alkalinity and enhancing material stability. The review highlights the potential of RM and PG in subgrade stabilization, road bases, and embankments, demonstrating improved California Bearing Ratio (CBR), unconfined compressive strength (UCS), and leaching. Microstructural analyses via scanning electron microscope (SEM) and X-ray diffraction (XRD) reveal the formation of cementitious gels calcium silicate hydrate (C-S-H) and ettringite, contributing to strength development. The core of our analysis then focuses on how these treated wastes, often combined with materials like fly ash or lime, can enhance the mechanical performance of pavement layers. The results are promising: incorporating RM and PG significantly improves key engineering properties like strength and bearing capacity, making them suitable for use in subgrades, road bases, and embankments.</p>

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Treatment Methods and Influence of Red Mud and Phosphogypsum on Pavement Composite Performance: A State of the Art Review

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2025年12月20日

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  • Bheem Pratap,
  • Bendadi Hanumantha Rao,
  • Somenath Mondal,
  • Khushboo Uniyal

摘要

The increasing global demand for aluminium and phosphoric acid has led to significant accumulations of industrial by-products, namely red mud (RM) and phosphogypsum (PG), posing severe environmental challenges due to their high alkalinity and leaching potential. This study critically evaluates the treatment and utilization of RM and PG in pavement composite materials, focusing on their neutralization techniques, mechanical properties, and environmental feasibility. Various treatment methods including acid activation, thermal treatment, seawater neutralization, and CO₂ sequestration are analyzed for their effectiveness in reducing alkalinity and enhancing material stability. The review highlights the potential of RM and PG in subgrade stabilization, road bases, and embankments, demonstrating improved California Bearing Ratio (CBR), unconfined compressive strength (UCS), and leaching. Microstructural analyses via scanning electron microscope (SEM) and X-ray diffraction (XRD) reveal the formation of cementitious gels calcium silicate hydrate (C-S-H) and ettringite, contributing to strength development. The core of our analysis then focuses on how these treated wastes, often combined with materials like fly ash or lime, can enhance the mechanical performance of pavement layers. The results are promising: incorporating RM and PG significantly improves key engineering properties like strength and bearing capacity, making them suitable for use in subgrades, road bases, and embankments.