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<p>Continuous development of the alumina industry, the production of red mud has been increasing. Its stockpiling and disposal have become significant challenges, particularly regarding the stability of red mud dams under varying conditions. In this study, based on the Outdoor Drainage Design Code, the storm intensity formula, and empirical meteorological data released for Guangxi, the stability of a red mud stockpile in Guangxi was investigated using the finite element software FLAC3D with the Mohr-Coulomb constitutive model. Six simulation experimental groups (T1–T6) were designed for a 100-year recurrence period (<i>P</i> = 100a), representing scenarios from short-term intense rainfall to long-term rainfall, to explore the pore water pressure and displacement patterns of the red mud stockpile under different rainfall characteristics. Additionally, the linear model in particle flow software PFC2D was employed to simulate incomplete and complete dam-break scenarios under extreme conditions. The conclusions are as follows: (1) Under the 100-year recurrence rainfall (<i>P</i> = 100a), short-term intense rainfall has limited impact on the stability of deep soil layers but induces displacement in the surface soil of the red mud stockpile. Long-term rainfall significantly affects deep soil layers, with the maximum vertical displacement occurring at a depth of 10–20&#xa0;m below the stockpile surface. (2) Different rainfall characteristics influence vertical displacement at varying depths. Under <i>P</i> = 100a, long-term rainfall causes greater vertical displacement, exhibiting a trend of settlement initially increasing and then decreasing. Beyond a depth of approximately 60&#xa0;m, the effects of rainfall characteristics on vertical displacement become negligible. (3) The PFC2D-based dam-break simulation reveals that a breach would result in a horizontal displacement of approximately 83&#xa0;m in the red mud stockpile. The deformation process demonstrates two stages: rapid deformation followed by gradual stabilization.</p>

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Instability Mechanism and Breach Characteristics of Red Mud Reservoirs Under Heavy Rainfall Conditions

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2025年11月1日

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  • Ma Shaokun,
  • Mao Renjie,
  • Li Hao,
  • An Pengtao

摘要

Continuous development of the alumina industry, the production of red mud has been increasing. Its stockpiling and disposal have become significant challenges, particularly regarding the stability of red mud dams under varying conditions. In this study, based on the Outdoor Drainage Design Code, the storm intensity formula, and empirical meteorological data released for Guangxi, the stability of a red mud stockpile in Guangxi was investigated using the finite element software FLAC3D with the Mohr-Coulomb constitutive model. Six simulation experimental groups (T1–T6) were designed for a 100-year recurrence period (P = 100a), representing scenarios from short-term intense rainfall to long-term rainfall, to explore the pore water pressure and displacement patterns of the red mud stockpile under different rainfall characteristics. Additionally, the linear model in particle flow software PFC2D was employed to simulate incomplete and complete dam-break scenarios under extreme conditions. The conclusions are as follows: (1) Under the 100-year recurrence rainfall (P = 100a), short-term intense rainfall has limited impact on the stability of deep soil layers but induces displacement in the surface soil of the red mud stockpile. Long-term rainfall significantly affects deep soil layers, with the maximum vertical displacement occurring at a depth of 10–20 m below the stockpile surface. (2) Different rainfall characteristics influence vertical displacement at varying depths. Under P = 100a, long-term rainfall causes greater vertical displacement, exhibiting a trend of settlement initially increasing and then decreasing. Beyond a depth of approximately 60 m, the effects of rainfall characteristics on vertical displacement become negligible. (3) The PFC2D-based dam-break simulation reveals that a breach would result in a horizontal displacement of approximately 83 m in the red mud stockpile. The deformation process demonstrates two stages: rapid deformation followed by gradual stabilization.