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<p>As an effective soil restoration technique, soil electrokinetic (SEK) is used for a variety of applications, including soil electrokinetic remediation (both inorganic, such as heavy metals, and organic, like PFAS), dewatering, agriculture management, phosphorus management in soil and sludge, sedimentation, consolidation, reclamation of salt-affected soils, fertilizer production, metal extraction, building materials restoration,&#xa0;and soil nutrient availability. We have recently released a number of review articles that address a wide range of subjects, including PFAS&#xa0;and mercury remediation,&#xa0;controlling the pH of soil, catholyte, and anolyte, avoiding cracking, phosphorus management, electrode approaching, chemical-based SEK, reverse polarity-based SEK, perforated material incorporation, and SEK design modifications. Using a vacuum unit, we have intensified and optimized SEK in this review. We examined the combination of SEK/electroosmosis (EO) and vacuum (SEK/EO-VA) by analyzing data primarily from six global information analytics companies during the last 32&#xa0;years (1993–2024). The review highlighted the modifications needed in the SEK apparatus to accommodate vacuum installation, the operation mode of the SEK apparatus and vacuum unit, the efficiency of soil improvement, and the remediation of inorganic polluted soils. According to our survey, there have been very few papers devoted to pollution removal over the last 32&#xa0;years, with the majority of research concentrating on soil improvement through dewatering/EO and consolidation. A variety of materials were used by the integrated SEK-EO-VA to accomplish its goals, including filter paper/cloth, ceramic filter, coarse sand, geotextile membrane, geomembrane, geotechnical cloth, perforated pipes, prefabricated vertical drains, electric vertical drains, and vacuum membrane. The combined SEK/EO-VA apparatus design was innovatively suggested for both horizontal and vertical applications. Vacuum units were shown to enhance soil properties, discharge capacity, and the removal of inorganic pollutants. The literature on SEK/EO-VA is not as extensive as it is for other SEK-enhancing approaches, and further studies are required to determine how well it works to remove both organic and inorganic contaminants from soil.</p> Graphical Abstract <p></p>

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An Overview of Integrated Soil Electrokinetic/Electroosmosis–Vacuum Systems for Sustainable Soil Improvement and Contaminant Separation

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2025年9月29日

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  • Ahmed Abou-Shady,
  • Heba El-Araby,
  • Mohamed A. Osman

摘要

As an effective soil restoration technique, soil electrokinetic (SEK) is used for a variety of applications, including soil electrokinetic remediation (both inorganic, such as heavy metals, and organic, like PFAS), dewatering, agriculture management, phosphorus management in soil and sludge, sedimentation, consolidation, reclamation of salt-affected soils, fertilizer production, metal extraction, building materials restoration, and soil nutrient availability. We have recently released a number of review articles that address a wide range of subjects, including PFAS and mercury remediation, controlling the pH of soil, catholyte, and anolyte, avoiding cracking, phosphorus management, electrode approaching, chemical-based SEK, reverse polarity-based SEK, perforated material incorporation, and SEK design modifications. Using a vacuum unit, we have intensified and optimized SEK in this review. We examined the combination of SEK/electroosmosis (EO) and vacuum (SEK/EO-VA) by analyzing data primarily from six global information analytics companies during the last 32 years (1993–2024). The review highlighted the modifications needed in the SEK apparatus to accommodate vacuum installation, the operation mode of the SEK apparatus and vacuum unit, the efficiency of soil improvement, and the remediation of inorganic polluted soils. According to our survey, there have been very few papers devoted to pollution removal over the last 32 years, with the majority of research concentrating on soil improvement through dewatering/EO and consolidation. A variety of materials were used by the integrated SEK-EO-VA to accomplish its goals, including filter paper/cloth, ceramic filter, coarse sand, geotextile membrane, geomembrane, geotechnical cloth, perforated pipes, prefabricated vertical drains, electric vertical drains, and vacuum membrane. The combined SEK/EO-VA apparatus design was innovatively suggested for both horizontal and vertical applications. Vacuum units were shown to enhance soil properties, discharge capacity, and the removal of inorganic pollutants. The literature on SEK/EO-VA is not as extensive as it is for other SEK-enhancing approaches, and further studies are required to determine how well it works to remove both organic and inorganic contaminants from soil.

Graphical Abstract