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<p>A fluid–solid coupled similar material was developed to address the problem of unobservable deformation and sudden water damage in physical models of karst tunnels. The mass ratio of river sand to lightweight calcium carbonate and barite powder in this material is fixed at 7:3:1. The cementitious material consists of white cement and gypsum in a mass ratio of 3:7. Additives include silicone oil (1.5%), polycarboxylic acid water reducer (1.5%), and mixing water (15%). The test was carried out using a homemade biaxial testing machine, and the results were validated through numerical simulations. The quantitative results show that the compressive strength, tensile strength, modulus of elasticity, cohesion, and internal friction angle of the material decrease exponentially with increasing aggregate to binder mass ratio. When the water pressure in the overlying cavern is lower than 1.3&#xa0;MPa, the displacement of the surrounding rock remains less than 100&#xa0;mm, and the water inflows linearly, at 5.5 m<sup>3</sup>/h per 0.1&#xa0;MPa. At the critical pressure of 1.4&#xa0;MPa, two “bell-shaped” hydraulic cracks are formed between the tunnel and the cavern, which trigger more than 76 times the influx (from 94.0 m<sup>3</sup>/h to 7122.0 m<sup>3</sup>/h) and overall rock slide (width of slide: 12.8&#xa0;m, height: 9.3&#xa0;m).</p>

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Model Experimental Study on Deformation Damage and Water Surge in Overlying Cave Tunnel Excavation

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2025年9月2日

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  • Zhibin Lin,
  • Yanchao Wang,
  • Boyang Zhang

摘要

A fluid–solid coupled similar material was developed to address the problem of unobservable deformation and sudden water damage in physical models of karst tunnels. The mass ratio of river sand to lightweight calcium carbonate and barite powder in this material is fixed at 7:3:1. The cementitious material consists of white cement and gypsum in a mass ratio of 3:7. Additives include silicone oil (1.5%), polycarboxylic acid water reducer (1.5%), and mixing water (15%). The test was carried out using a homemade biaxial testing machine, and the results were validated through numerical simulations. The quantitative results show that the compressive strength, tensile strength, modulus of elasticity, cohesion, and internal friction angle of the material decrease exponentially with increasing aggregate to binder mass ratio. When the water pressure in the overlying cavern is lower than 1.3 MPa, the displacement of the surrounding rock remains less than 100 mm, and the water inflows linearly, at 5.5 m3/h per 0.1 MPa. At the critical pressure of 1.4 MPa, two “bell-shaped” hydraulic cracks are formed between the tunnel and the cavern, which trigger more than 76 times the influx (from 94.0 m3/h to 7122.0 m3/h) and overall rock slide (width of slide: 12.8 m, height: 9.3 m).