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<p>Debris flow, recognized as one of the most catastrophic geological hazards, is characterized by a complex movement process, high prediction difficulty, and severe disaster consequences. In August 2019, a storm-induced rockfall–debris flow event triggered by Typhoon Lekima occurred in the Huashan Mountain area of Jinan City, Shandong Province, China. This event posed a significant threat to the safety of local residents' lives and property and negatively impacted the ecological environment. Subsequently, PFC3D was utilized to analyze the movement process of the rockfall and debris flow. Based on this analysis, potential debris flow hazards in the surrounding area were predicted and simulated. The results indicate the following: (1) After rockfall disasters, most unstable rocks accumulate at the top of gullies, forming loose landslide sediments that may serve as a potential basis for cascading debris flow; (2) the movement durations of rockfall and debris flow are 70&#xa0;s and 600&#xa0;s, respectively, with peak average particle velocities of 27.05&#xa0;m/s and 26&#xa0;m/s, respectively. The volume of rockfall is roughly a quarter of that of debris flow; (3) analysis data show that for debris flows, the relationship between run-out distance and elevation difference is approximately linear, while the lateral run-out distance appears to be independent of elevation difference. These findings hold significant scientific value and practical implications for disaster prevention and the mitigation of debris flow in the Huashan Mountain area.</p>

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Numerical Investigation of Rockfall and Cascading Debris Flow Disasters Caused by Extreme Rainfall: A Case Study of Huashan Mountain in Jinan, China

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2025年2月27日

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  • Tao Kong,
  • Guangyu Shao,
  • Longfei Lu,
  • Yan Ai

摘要

Debris flow, recognized as one of the most catastrophic geological hazards, is characterized by a complex movement process, high prediction difficulty, and severe disaster consequences. In August 2019, a storm-induced rockfall–debris flow event triggered by Typhoon Lekima occurred in the Huashan Mountain area of Jinan City, Shandong Province, China. This event posed a significant threat to the safety of local residents' lives and property and negatively impacted the ecological environment. Subsequently, PFC3D was utilized to analyze the movement process of the rockfall and debris flow. Based on this analysis, potential debris flow hazards in the surrounding area were predicted and simulated. The results indicate the following: (1) After rockfall disasters, most unstable rocks accumulate at the top of gullies, forming loose landslide sediments that may serve as a potential basis for cascading debris flow; (2) the movement durations of rockfall and debris flow are 70 s and 600 s, respectively, with peak average particle velocities of 27.05 m/s and 26 m/s, respectively. The volume of rockfall is roughly a quarter of that of debris flow; (3) analysis data show that for debris flows, the relationship between run-out distance and elevation difference is approximately linear, while the lateral run-out distance appears to be independent of elevation difference. These findings hold significant scientific value and practical implications for disaster prevention and the mitigation of debris flow in the Huashan Mountain area.