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<p>Molasses-based wastewater has higher concentrations of chemical oxygen demand (COD), biological oxygen demand (BOD), and melanoidin concentrations. These types of wastewater are toxic and cannot be left untreated. In this study, a novel technique was used to synthesize Fe, Cu, Mn, Zn, Ni, and Mg improvised metal oxide (iMO) nanoparticles (NPs) from green tea extracts. These NPs were analyzed by using XRD, SEM, and FT-IR techniques. Consequently, these NPs were applied in a photo-Fenton reaction (PFR) and dark-Fenton reaction (DFR) for BOD, COD, and melanoidin removal. An XRD analysis revealed that iFeO, iCuO, iMnO, iZnO, iNiO, and iMgO had particle sizes of 8.19, 16.67, 31.65, 13.66, 25.02, and 35.81&#xa0;nm, respectively. Moreover, FT-IR analysis showed the existence of methylene, metal oxide, carbonyl, nitrile, alkyne, and hydroxyl groups. Further, the SEM experiments revealed the presence of smaller-sized particles forming aggregates and, in some cases, particles with well-defined edges. Mixed results were obtained for both the PFR and DFR for melanoidin removal. For the PFR, iZnO NPs showed the best performance for melanoidin removal. For the DFR, iFeO NPs exhibited the best performance, whereas for COD and BOD removal, iCuO performed best at approximately 99%. This study provides and extends new opportunities for treating complex industrial wastewater using the Fenton oxidation reaction by utilizing a variety of MO NPs.</p> Graphical abstract <p></p>

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Comparative evaluation of green-synthesized FeO, CuO, MnO, ZnO, NiO, and MgO nanoparticles in Fenton and photo-Fenton systems for molasses-based effluent treatment

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年4月3日

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  • Mueed Akhtar,
  • Farrukh Naeem,
  • Parveen Akhter,
  • Nadeem Tariq,
  • Shaista Javaid,
  • Murid Hussain

摘要

Molasses-based wastewater has higher concentrations of chemical oxygen demand (COD), biological oxygen demand (BOD), and melanoidin concentrations. These types of wastewater are toxic and cannot be left untreated. In this study, a novel technique was used to synthesize Fe, Cu, Mn, Zn, Ni, and Mg improvised metal oxide (iMO) nanoparticles (NPs) from green tea extracts. These NPs were analyzed by using XRD, SEM, and FT-IR techniques. Consequently, these NPs were applied in a photo-Fenton reaction (PFR) and dark-Fenton reaction (DFR) for BOD, COD, and melanoidin removal. An XRD analysis revealed that iFeO, iCuO, iMnO, iZnO, iNiO, and iMgO had particle sizes of 8.19, 16.67, 31.65, 13.66, 25.02, and 35.81 nm, respectively. Moreover, FT-IR analysis showed the existence of methylene, metal oxide, carbonyl, nitrile, alkyne, and hydroxyl groups. Further, the SEM experiments revealed the presence of smaller-sized particles forming aggregates and, in some cases, particles with well-defined edges. Mixed results were obtained for both the PFR and DFR for melanoidin removal. For the PFR, iZnO NPs showed the best performance for melanoidin removal. For the DFR, iFeO NPs exhibited the best performance, whereas for COD and BOD removal, iCuO performed best at approximately 99%. This study provides and extends new opportunities for treating complex industrial wastewater using the Fenton oxidation reaction by utilizing a variety of MO NPs.

Graphical abstract