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<p>A hybrid <i>Gongronema latifolium</i> stem/S-Glass fiber-reinforced epoxy composites have been developed, optimized and analyzed for safe engineering applications. <i>Gongronema latifolium</i> stem fibers were treated and combined with S-glass fibers and ER-F292 epoxy resin to prepare composite samples with two fiber ratios. Tensile, flexural, hardness and compressive strengths, were tested according to ASTM standards. Microstructure analysis was performed using Optical Microscopy, and SEM/EDX. Model-Based Calibration (MBC), Adaptive Neuro-Fuzzy Inference System (ANFIS) and Normal Boundary Intersection (NBI) were implemented. The MBC model predicted tensile strength in the range of 16–28&#xa0;MPa, with a dominant factor x₁ influencing the results. Flexural strength predictions ranged from 75–145&#xa0;MPa, while compressive strength ranged from 96 to 116&#xa0;MPa. Hardness values ranged from 20.5 to 24 HV, with x₁ being the primary factor. The R<sup>2</sup> values exceeded 0.99, confirming high accuracy. ANFIS modeling showed optimal results, with peak tensile strength (~ 25&#xa0;MPa) achieved at a 34% mass fraction and 2.8 hybridization ratio. Maximum compressive strength (&gt; 100&#xa0;MPa) occurred at a 34% mass fraction and 2.8 hybridization ratio, while flexural strength exceeded 120&#xa0;MPa at a 90° fiber orientation. Optimization through the Normal Boundary Intersection (NBI) method achieved enhanced strengths, including tensile (27.52&#xa0;MPa), flexural (114.57&#xa0;MPa), and compressive (140.33&#xa0;MPa) strengths. The study reveals that the Hybrid <i>Gongronema latifolium</i> Stem/S-Glass Fiber-Reinforced Epoxy Composite exhibits varying safety levels based on its factor of safety (FoS) of 1.2. These findings validate the effectiveness of predictive models in optimizing composite material performance for structural applications.</p>

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Reliability of Hybrid Gongronema latifolium Stem/S-Glass Fiber-Reinforced Epoxy Composites for Safe Engineering Applications

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年4月7日

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  • Sunday Iweriolor,
  • Christian Emeka Okafor,
  • Peter Chukwuemeka Ugwu,
  • Godspower Onyekachukwu Ekwueme,
  • Nürettin Akçakale,
  • Ignatius Echezona Ekengwu,
  • Chidume Nnamdi Nwambu

摘要

A hybrid Gongronema latifolium stem/S-Glass fiber-reinforced epoxy composites have been developed, optimized and analyzed for safe engineering applications. Gongronema latifolium stem fibers were treated and combined with S-glass fibers and ER-F292 epoxy resin to prepare composite samples with two fiber ratios. Tensile, flexural, hardness and compressive strengths, were tested according to ASTM standards. Microstructure analysis was performed using Optical Microscopy, and SEM/EDX. Model-Based Calibration (MBC), Adaptive Neuro-Fuzzy Inference System (ANFIS) and Normal Boundary Intersection (NBI) were implemented. The MBC model predicted tensile strength in the range of 16–28 MPa, with a dominant factor x₁ influencing the results. Flexural strength predictions ranged from 75–145 MPa, while compressive strength ranged from 96 to 116 MPa. Hardness values ranged from 20.5 to 24 HV, with x₁ being the primary factor. The R2 values exceeded 0.99, confirming high accuracy. ANFIS modeling showed optimal results, with peak tensile strength (~ 25 MPa) achieved at a 34% mass fraction and 2.8 hybridization ratio. Maximum compressive strength (> 100 MPa) occurred at a 34% mass fraction and 2.8 hybridization ratio, while flexural strength exceeded 120 MPa at a 90° fiber orientation. Optimization through the Normal Boundary Intersection (NBI) method achieved enhanced strengths, including tensile (27.52 MPa), flexural (114.57 MPa), and compressive (140.33 MPa) strengths. The study reveals that the Hybrid Gongronema latifolium Stem/S-Glass Fiber-Reinforced Epoxy Composite exhibits varying safety levels based on its factor of safety (FoS) of 1.2. These findings validate the effectiveness of predictive models in optimizing composite material performance for structural applications.