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<p>Glass Laminate Aluminum Reinforced Epoxy (GLARE) composites are widely employed in impact-critical aerospace and automotive structures due to their superior damage tolerance and energy absorption capability. In this study, the influence of Al 2024-T3 aluminum face-sheet thickness on the low-velocity impact (LVI) response and damage evolution of GLARE laminates was experimentally investigated. Laminates with a constant total thickness of 2&#xa0;mm were fabricated using a hybrid hand lay-up and compression molding process, while the aluminum face-sheet thickness was varied between 0.2, 0.3, and 0.4&#xa0;mm. LVI tests were conducted according to ASTM D7136 at a constant impact energy of 19.26&#xa0;J using a 3.926&#xa0;kg impactor. Complementary tensile and flexural tests were performed to support the interpretation of impact behavior. The results show that face-sheet thickness significantly affects peak load, displacement, and energy absorption mechanisms. Laminates with a 0.3&#xa0;mm aluminum face sheet exhibited the highest peak load and reduced displacement, indicating improved stiffness and resistance to impact-induced damage, while thinner and thicker face sheets showed higher energy absorption due to increased deformation and interlaminar damage. Scanning electron microscopy and EDAX analyses revealed that optimized face-sheet thickness promotes uniform stress transfer, delayed delamination, and controlled plastic deformation of aluminum layers. The study demonstrates that an intermediate aluminum face-sheet thickness provides an optimal balance between stiffness and energy dissipation, offering valuable design insights for GLARE laminates used in impact-sensitive lightweight structures.</p>

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Effect of 2024-T3 Aluminum Face Sheet Thickness on Impact-Induced Damage and Sandwich Behavior of GLARE Laminates

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年2月20日

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  • M. Harish Kumar,
  • Shijo Thomas,
  • T. S. Sachit,
  • R. Suresh,
  • N. Rajesh Mathivanan

摘要

Glass Laminate Aluminum Reinforced Epoxy (GLARE) composites are widely employed in impact-critical aerospace and automotive structures due to their superior damage tolerance and energy absorption capability. In this study, the influence of Al 2024-T3 aluminum face-sheet thickness on the low-velocity impact (LVI) response and damage evolution of GLARE laminates was experimentally investigated. Laminates with a constant total thickness of 2 mm were fabricated using a hybrid hand lay-up and compression molding process, while the aluminum face-sheet thickness was varied between 0.2, 0.3, and 0.4 mm. LVI tests were conducted according to ASTM D7136 at a constant impact energy of 19.26 J using a 3.926 kg impactor. Complementary tensile and flexural tests were performed to support the interpretation of impact behavior. The results show that face-sheet thickness significantly affects peak load, displacement, and energy absorption mechanisms. Laminates with a 0.3 mm aluminum face sheet exhibited the highest peak load and reduced displacement, indicating improved stiffness and resistance to impact-induced damage, while thinner and thicker face sheets showed higher energy absorption due to increased deformation and interlaminar damage. Scanning electron microscopy and EDAX analyses revealed that optimized face-sheet thickness promotes uniform stress transfer, delayed delamination, and controlled plastic deformation of aluminum layers. The study demonstrates that an intermediate aluminum face-sheet thickness provides an optimal balance between stiffness and energy dissipation, offering valuable design insights for GLARE laminates used in impact-sensitive lightweight structures.