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<p>Effective heat dissipation in compact electronic devices depends on the ability of lattice structures to provide a large surface area for heat transfer while maintaining low resistance to airflow. This work investigates the Thermal–Hydraulic Performance (THP) of four lattice configurations: Schwarz Primitive (SP), Schwarz Diamond (SD), Gyroid (G), and the shell-type Kelvin Base (KB) along with their concaving graded (grad) variants, under laminar flow conditions (50 &lt; Re &lt; 600) using air as the cooling medium. Experimental testing and analytical evaluation were carried out to understand how morphological gradation along the flow direction affects heat transfer and influence of back pressure across the lattice. Among the uniform lattices, Gyroid showed the best overall THP, while KB lattice despite its high surface area, suffered from higher back pressure causing lower performance. Introducing a gradation in lattice structure improved the balance between heat transfer and flow resistance. The Gyroid-grad design achieved around 21% lower pressure drop compared to its ungraded version, while the SD-grad lattice exhibited the highest thermal enhancement, achieving more temperature reductions of about 28.15% and 63% compared with unmodified SD and SP lattices, respectively. The proposed analytical correlations accurately predict the convective heat transfer coefficients within the tested Reynolds number range. Overall, the study highlights that incorporating concaving gradation in TPMS and shell lattice structures can significantly enhance thermal management efficiency, reducing temperature from about 50 (± 1.51) °C to near room temperature without external cooling, making these designs promising for air-cooled electronic applications.</p>

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Thermo-Hydraulic Performance Study of Graded Lattice Structure for Air-Cooled Electronic Applications Under Laminar Flow Conditions (50 < Re < 600)

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2025年12月28日

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  • Rahul Jain,
  • Neha Gupta

摘要

Effective heat dissipation in compact electronic devices depends on the ability of lattice structures to provide a large surface area for heat transfer while maintaining low resistance to airflow. This work investigates the Thermal–Hydraulic Performance (THP) of four lattice configurations: Schwarz Primitive (SP), Schwarz Diamond (SD), Gyroid (G), and the shell-type Kelvin Base (KB) along with their concaving graded (grad) variants, under laminar flow conditions (50 < Re < 600) using air as the cooling medium. Experimental testing and analytical evaluation were carried out to understand how morphological gradation along the flow direction affects heat transfer and influence of back pressure across the lattice. Among the uniform lattices, Gyroid showed the best overall THP, while KB lattice despite its high surface area, suffered from higher back pressure causing lower performance. Introducing a gradation in lattice structure improved the balance between heat transfer and flow resistance. The Gyroid-grad design achieved around 21% lower pressure drop compared to its ungraded version, while the SD-grad lattice exhibited the highest thermal enhancement, achieving more temperature reductions of about 28.15% and 63% compared with unmodified SD and SP lattices, respectively. The proposed analytical correlations accurately predict the convective heat transfer coefficients within the tested Reynolds number range. Overall, the study highlights that incorporating concaving gradation in TPMS and shell lattice structures can significantly enhance thermal management efficiency, reducing temperature from about 50 (± 1.51) °C to near room temperature without external cooling, making these designs promising for air-cooled electronic applications.