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<p>In Indian traditions, people offer flowers, leaves, fruits, and food products such as milk, honey, curd, ghee, oil, sugar, jiggery, and various grains in the temple during their devotion. These offerings to the holy deity contaminate the temple environment through airborne microbes. A Cu‒Sn alloy bell was produced via the lost wax casting technique at 1040&#xa0;°C, in compliance with ASTM standards. The method was refined for potential integration into an automated system featuring a powder collection mechanism, promoting both efficiency and sustainability. The composition and microstructure of the bell were investigated via XRD, scanning electron microscopy, energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy and elemental mapping, confirming that its structural properties are sufficiently reliable. ANSYS package software was used to simulate that both the casting pattern and bells were modeled. Moreover, the antibacterial effects of nano/microparticles in temple bells and their effectiveness against <i>Escherichia coli</i>, Candida albicans and <i>Klebsiella pneumoniae</i> have been studied. This research enhances bells’ acoustic and practical characteristics in a time-honored manner by combining traditional techniques with modern scientific findings. Further investigations are still needed to uncover both the ongoing antibacterial activities of the nano/micro particles embedded in temple bells and their potential applications in the field of environmental sanitation and medicine.</p>

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Investigation and Characterization of Nanoparticles from Temple Bell Composites for Regulating Microorganisms in Temple Environments

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2025年8月20日

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  • Chetana S,
  • Kavitha R S,
  • Guddappa Halligudra,
  • Bhagyashree S R

摘要

In Indian traditions, people offer flowers, leaves, fruits, and food products such as milk, honey, curd, ghee, oil, sugar, jiggery, and various grains in the temple during their devotion. These offerings to the holy deity contaminate the temple environment through airborne microbes. A Cu‒Sn alloy bell was produced via the lost wax casting technique at 1040 °C, in compliance with ASTM standards. The method was refined for potential integration into an automated system featuring a powder collection mechanism, promoting both efficiency and sustainability. The composition and microstructure of the bell were investigated via XRD, scanning electron microscopy, energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy and elemental mapping, confirming that its structural properties are sufficiently reliable. ANSYS package software was used to simulate that both the casting pattern and bells were modeled. Moreover, the antibacterial effects of nano/microparticles in temple bells and their effectiveness against Escherichia coli, Candida albicans and Klebsiella pneumoniae have been studied. This research enhances bells’ acoustic and practical characteristics in a time-honored manner by combining traditional techniques with modern scientific findings. Further investigations are still needed to uncover both the ongoing antibacterial activities of the nano/micro particles embedded in temple bells and their potential applications in the field of environmental sanitation and medicine.