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<p>This study examines how the microstructure and mechanical characteristics of AA2014 alloy are affected by natural-cooled friction stir welding (NCFSW) and dry ice-cooled friction stir welding (DCFSW). The grain morphologies of the two welding methods differed significantly, according to the optical macrostructure and microstructure analyses. In the stir zone (SZ), DCFSW had finer and more evenly distributed grains because of fast cooling that constrained grain growth, whereas NCFSW had coarser grains because of slower cooling rates. In DCFSW, improved grain refinement improved microstructural stability and mechanical qualities. Analyses using SEM and EDS shed light on the SZ's precipitation patterns. Strengthening phases like Al2Cu and Al2CuMg, essential for increasing strength and hardness, were distributed more uniformly thanks to DCFSW. On the other hand, NCFSW displayed precipitate clustering, which resulted in comparatively poorer mechanical performance. The improved mechanical properties of DCFSW were mainly due to its homogeneous precipitation and refined microstructure. Because of its superior grain refinement and efficient precipitation strengthening, DCFSW outperformed NCFSW in terms of strength and hardness, according to mechanical testing. However, because of its larger grains and less restricted deformation zones, NCFSW maintained a marginally higher level of ductility. According to SEM fractography, both welding methods had a mixed-mode fracture mechanism. DCFSW displayed a more significant percentage of brittle features, which aligns with its increased strength and hardness.</p>

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Cooling Effects on Friction Stir Welded AA2014 Aluminum Alloy: A Macrostructural, Microstructural, and Mechanical Investigation

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2025年2月6日

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  • D. Ravi,
  • T. V. Hanumantha Rao,
  • R. Rahul

摘要

This study examines how the microstructure and mechanical characteristics of AA2014 alloy are affected by natural-cooled friction stir welding (NCFSW) and dry ice-cooled friction stir welding (DCFSW). The grain morphologies of the two welding methods differed significantly, according to the optical macrostructure and microstructure analyses. In the stir zone (SZ), DCFSW had finer and more evenly distributed grains because of fast cooling that constrained grain growth, whereas NCFSW had coarser grains because of slower cooling rates. In DCFSW, improved grain refinement improved microstructural stability and mechanical qualities. Analyses using SEM and EDS shed light on the SZ's precipitation patterns. Strengthening phases like Al2Cu and Al2CuMg, essential for increasing strength and hardness, were distributed more uniformly thanks to DCFSW. On the other hand, NCFSW displayed precipitate clustering, which resulted in comparatively poorer mechanical performance. The improved mechanical properties of DCFSW were mainly due to its homogeneous precipitation and refined microstructure. Because of its superior grain refinement and efficient precipitation strengthening, DCFSW outperformed NCFSW in terms of strength and hardness, according to mechanical testing. However, because of its larger grains and less restricted deformation zones, NCFSW maintained a marginally higher level of ductility. According to SEM fractography, both welding methods had a mixed-mode fracture mechanism. DCFSW displayed a more significant percentage of brittle features, which aligns with its increased strength and hardness.