An Overview on the Utilization of Hydroxyapatite from Fish Wastes: A Transition from Waste to Wealth

Urbanization, industry, as well as population increase have all accelerated, producing a significant amount of waste. Waste produced by fish waste degrades the ecosystem. HAp obtained from fish waste increases the byproduct’s value as well as lowers the environmental challenges associated with disposing of waste in dumps. The Waste to Wealth idea entails transforming various waste materials into economically valuable items that may be used. Global high consumption of fish leads to the production of vast amounts of fish wastes, such as uneaten pieces, feces, and dead fish. Composting, anaerobic digestion, and aquaponics are examples of traditional fish waste management techniques. But according to current research, fish bones and scales include important organic and inorganic materials like hydroxyapatite and collagen that are useful for a variety of industries, most notably biomedical device manufacture. Utilizing fish waste and its constituent parts may have economic benefits, which are the prime focus of this detailed review. The approach entails analyzing the chemical makeup of fish waste and doing tests to separate and refine the useful elements. The present review report deals with extensive study of various techniques involve in deployment of fish wastes viz., fish bones and fish scales in extraction of the most important bio ceramic hydroxyapatite and use of the same as dispersing phase within various matrix materials. The findings of this study through this review report will impact waste management strategies as well as the emergence of new sectors that use fish waste.