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<p>In the past, polyvinylidene difluoride (PVDF) composites were explored for piezoelectric sensors in biomedical applications. However, little has been reported on the conformability of such sensors for monitoring the recurrence of diaphragmatic hernia (DH) in bovines. In this work, a PVDF composite reinforced with 8% hydroxyapatite (HAP) and 2% chitosan (CS) was used to fabricate the sensor based on a microstrip patch antenna (MPA). The sensor was designed using a high-frequency structure simulator (HFSS), and to mimic the loading on the diaphragm of a bovine, the designed and fabricated sensor was tested at 04 different widths (Y) (75, 50, 45, and 35&#xa0;mm) by conforming it along the X-axis. The radio-frequency (R-F) characteristics (i.e., the gain and scattering (S) parameters) of the sensor have been recorded in the industrial, scientific, and medical (ISM) bands. A shift (towards the left) in the sensor’s resonant frequency (f<sub>r</sub>) was observed with each reduction in sensor width, while the return loss (S<sub>11</sub>) increased. Further, to validate the simulated behavior, the sensor was tested on a vector network analyzer (VNA), and it was observed to resonate at 2.72&#xa0;GHz initially (at Y=75&#xa0;mm) with S<sub>11</sub> = -14.11 dB. Introducing conformability in the sensor (for Y = 50&#xa0;mm) primarily shifts f<sub>r</sub> to the lower side (2.50&#xa0;GHz), and, on further bending (at Y = 45 and 35&#xa0;mm), shows a consistent increase in f<sub>r</sub> (from 2.53 to 2.64&#xa0;GHz). The conformability features have been further analyzed using morphological analysis.</p>

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On the Performance Evaluation of Polyvinylidene Difluoride Composite as A Radio-Frequency Sensor

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年7月25日

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  • Abhishek Barwar,
  • Prateek Kala,
  • Rupinder Singh

摘要

In the past, polyvinylidene difluoride (PVDF) composites were explored for piezoelectric sensors in biomedical applications. However, little has been reported on the conformability of such sensors for monitoring the recurrence of diaphragmatic hernia (DH) in bovines. In this work, a PVDF composite reinforced with 8% hydroxyapatite (HAP) and 2% chitosan (CS) was used to fabricate the sensor based on a microstrip patch antenna (MPA). The sensor was designed using a high-frequency structure simulator (HFSS), and to mimic the loading on the diaphragm of a bovine, the designed and fabricated sensor was tested at 04 different widths (Y) (75, 50, 45, and 35 mm) by conforming it along the X-axis. The radio-frequency (R-F) characteristics (i.e., the gain and scattering (S) parameters) of the sensor have been recorded in the industrial, scientific, and medical (ISM) bands. A shift (towards the left) in the sensor’s resonant frequency (fr) was observed with each reduction in sensor width, while the return loss (S11) increased. Further, to validate the simulated behavior, the sensor was tested on a vector network analyzer (VNA), and it was observed to resonate at 2.72 GHz initially (at Y=75 mm) with S11 = -14.11 dB. Introducing conformability in the sensor (for Y = 50 mm) primarily shifts fr to the lower side (2.50 GHz), and, on further bending (at Y = 45 and 35 mm), shows a consistent increase in fr (from 2.53 to 2.64 GHz). The conformability features have been further analyzed using morphological analysis.