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<p>The ship-recycling cluster at Alang, India, is the world’s single largest end-of-life vessel dismantling hub, and the hazardous-waste burden it generates is of a serious concern for both occupational health and coastal-environment. Emission factors expressed as kilograms of waste per light displacement tonne (kg/LDT), first published for Alang by Hiremath et-al in their 2012/2015 yard-cluster study, remains the default basis for both national and international waste-inventory calculations. This paper reviews whether those estimated waste emission factors still hold good in the contemporary waste stream. This paper combined (i) ship-by-ship beaching records for 2018–2022, (ii) the 2012 baseline emission factors applied to vessels falling within the documented ship-type categories, and (iii) actual disposal quantities received by the common Waste Treatment, Storage and Disposal Facility (TSDF) operated by Gujarat Enviro Protection Infrastructure Limited (GEPIL). Predicted quantities derived from the 2012 factors exceeded the actual TSDF intake by factors of 1.7 to 3.9 across waste categories, despite the prediction covering fewer vessels. Recomputed fleet-average waste intensities for 2018–2022 were 3.15&#xa0;kg/LDT (landfillable), 0.48&#xa0;kg/LDT (incinerable) and 1.18&#xa0;kg/LDT (bilge water), corresponding to reductions of roughly 83%, 83% and 48% relative to the 2012 baseline mid-points. The convergent evidence indicates a genuine decline in the per-tonne hazardous-waste content of dismantled vessels, attributable to material substitution in modern shipbuilding in line with stringent regulatory measures adopted by IMO, tighter inventory-of-hazardous-materials controls due to global regulatory frame work besides improved on-yard segregation. While measurability remains a challenge in the estimation of hazardous waste, this paper argues that emission factors used for regulatory accounting at Alang should be periodically re-calibrated against the actual disposal data which will help set out the policy instruments through which such calibration can strengthen ship-recycling governance.</p>

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Hazardous Waste Management in Alang Ship-Recycling Yards: A Scientific Approach for Policy Decisions

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年7月23日

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  • Gopikrishna Chockalingam,
  • K. Sivasami,
  • Anand M. Hiremath

摘要

The ship-recycling cluster at Alang, India, is the world’s single largest end-of-life vessel dismantling hub, and the hazardous-waste burden it generates is of a serious concern for both occupational health and coastal-environment. Emission factors expressed as kilograms of waste per light displacement tonne (kg/LDT), first published for Alang by Hiremath et-al in their 2012/2015 yard-cluster study, remains the default basis for both national and international waste-inventory calculations. This paper reviews whether those estimated waste emission factors still hold good in the contemporary waste stream. This paper combined (i) ship-by-ship beaching records for 2018–2022, (ii) the 2012 baseline emission factors applied to vessels falling within the documented ship-type categories, and (iii) actual disposal quantities received by the common Waste Treatment, Storage and Disposal Facility (TSDF) operated by Gujarat Enviro Protection Infrastructure Limited (GEPIL). Predicted quantities derived from the 2012 factors exceeded the actual TSDF intake by factors of 1.7 to 3.9 across waste categories, despite the prediction covering fewer vessels. Recomputed fleet-average waste intensities for 2018–2022 were 3.15 kg/LDT (landfillable), 0.48 kg/LDT (incinerable) and 1.18 kg/LDT (bilge water), corresponding to reductions of roughly 83%, 83% and 48% relative to the 2012 baseline mid-points. The convergent evidence indicates a genuine decline in the per-tonne hazardous-waste content of dismantled vessels, attributable to material substitution in modern shipbuilding in line with stringent regulatory measures adopted by IMO, tighter inventory-of-hazardous-materials controls due to global regulatory frame work besides improved on-yard segregation. While measurability remains a challenge in the estimation of hazardous waste, this paper argues that emission factors used for regulatory accounting at Alang should be periodically re-calibrated against the actual disposal data which will help set out the policy instruments through which such calibration can strengthen ship-recycling governance.