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<p>Three Dimensional and Four-Dimensional (3D/4D) printing is an emerging structure creation process that allows for form morphing in response to external triggering chemicals. Many studies currently concentrate on small to medium-sized 3D/4D printing of structural components. As a result, in order to build industry-based large-scale structures, printing capabilities must be increased without sacrificing quality, cost, and speed. Advances in computer-aided design modeling have led to the development of 3D/4D products, which are essential for the large-scale manufacture of structures for various engineering purposes. The primary objective of the review is to evaluate obstacles encountered when scaling up prototype modeling from small to large scale in the last decade. Also, aimed to develop novel design strategies for printing process optimization with reduced time and increased productivity without compromising efficiency. Furthermore, cost-effective design and quality assurance control techniques, along with obstacles, are highlighted. In the aim of extending the term of 3D/4D printing, this research provides current innovations, numerous optimizing approaches, applications, and concludes by discussing future prospects in large-scale prototype manufacturing.</p>

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Optimizing 3D/4D Printing for Large-Scale Prototyping: A Comprehensive Review on Speed, Cost, and Quality Challenges

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2025年7月3日

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  • Ajay Solanki,
  • M. S. Ranganath,
  • Ajay K. S. Singholi

摘要

Three Dimensional and Four-Dimensional (3D/4D) printing is an emerging structure creation process that allows for form morphing in response to external triggering chemicals. Many studies currently concentrate on small to medium-sized 3D/4D printing of structural components. As a result, in order to build industry-based large-scale structures, printing capabilities must be increased without sacrificing quality, cost, and speed. Advances in computer-aided design modeling have led to the development of 3D/4D products, which are essential for the large-scale manufacture of structures for various engineering purposes. The primary objective of the review is to evaluate obstacles encountered when scaling up prototype modeling from small to large scale in the last decade. Also, aimed to develop novel design strategies for printing process optimization with reduced time and increased productivity without compromising efficiency. Furthermore, cost-effective design and quality assurance control techniques, along with obstacles, are highlighted. In the aim of extending the term of 3D/4D printing, this research provides current innovations, numerous optimizing approaches, applications, and concludes by discussing future prospects in large-scale prototype manufacturing.