On 3D Dispenser Printing of MnO₂ Reinforced PVDF Matrix for Recycling of Dry Cell

The recycling of polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) matrix-based dry cells using the material extrusion (MEX) process is widely reported. However, little has been reported on recycling the MnO₂-reinforced PVDF matrix as a component of dry cells with 3D dispenser printing. In this study, MnO₂ (25% and 50% by weight) was reinforced in the PVDF matrix by 3D dispenser printing. The mechanical and dielectric properties of prepared PVDF composites by 3D dispenser printing were compared with those of the MEX process. Also, reflection coefficient (S₁₁), reverse transmission (S₂₁), and specific absorption ratio (SAR) values were observed and tuned as per the industrial scientific and medical (ISM) band. The SAR values for PVDF+25% MnO₂ and PVDF+50% MnO₂ were observed in acceptable limits (0.962 W/kg, and 1.094 W/kg respectively). Based on the results, 3D dispenser printing is recommended over the MEX process for recycling dry cell components. The results are supported by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), and X-ray diffraction (XRD).