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<p>Technological innovations have made it possible to share digital images via various image-sharing services, enabling easy, widespread distribution. However, conventional encryption methods are often inefficient for securing image information because they do not effectively handle image size, high redundancy, and strong inter-pixel correlation characteristics. In this paper, we introduce a hybrid image encryption method that combines RSA-based key encapsulation with the pseudo-random keystream generation capability of cellular automata. Image security is achieved through three components: first, RSA-OAEP is used to encapsulate the SHA-256 hash-derived encryption parameter instead of encrypting the image pixels directly; second, cellular automata with distinct rules are used for different color channels to introduce statistical randomness into the image data; and third, encryption and scrambling operations are applied to the image pixels to generate noise-like cipher images with no visually recognizable original patterns. The proposed method produces noise-like cipher images while preserving lossless reconstruction quality after decryption. The scheme achieves near-uniform histograms, entropy close to 8, NPCR around 99.60%, UACI close to 33.46%, and linear complexity <InlineEquation ID="IEq1"> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\(O(MN)\)</EquationSource> </InlineEquation>, with average encryption times of <InlineEquation ID="IEq2"> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\(0.065596\)</EquationSource> </InlineEquation>, <InlineEquation ID="IEq3"> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\(0.305842\)</EquationSource> </InlineEquation>, and <InlineEquation ID="IEq4"> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\(1.144842\)</EquationSource> </InlineEquation> s for <InlineEquation ID="IEq5"> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\(256\times 256\)</EquationSource> </InlineEquation>, <InlineEquation ID="IEq6"> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\(512\times 512\)</EquationSource> </InlineEquation>, and <InlineEquation ID="IEq7"> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\(1024\times 1024\)</EquationSource> </InlineEquation> images, respectively.</p>

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A Hybrid Image Encryption Scheme Based on Cellular Automata and RSA

  • 期刊论文

  • 出版模式：

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  • 发表日期：

    2026年8月1日

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  • G. Karthikeyan,
  • R. Arulprakasam,
  • R. Gurusamy,
  • Yilun Shang

摘要

Technological innovations have made it possible to share digital images via various image-sharing services, enabling easy, widespread distribution. However, conventional encryption methods are often inefficient for securing image information because they do not effectively handle image size, high redundancy, and strong inter-pixel correlation characteristics. In this paper, we introduce a hybrid image encryption method that combines RSA-based key encapsulation with the pseudo-random keystream generation capability of cellular automata. Image security is achieved through three components: first, RSA-OAEP is used to encapsulate the SHA-256 hash-derived encryption parameter instead of encrypting the image pixels directly; second, cellular automata with distinct rules are used for different color channels to introduce statistical randomness into the image data; and third, encryption and scrambling operations are applied to the image pixels to generate noise-like cipher images with no visually recognizable original patterns. The proposed method produces noise-like cipher images while preserving lossless reconstruction quality after decryption. The scheme achieves near-uniform histograms, entropy close to 8, NPCR around 99.60%, UACI close to 33.46%, and linear complexity \(O(MN)\) , with average encryption times of \(0.065596\) , \(0.305842\) , and \(1.144842\) s for \(256\times 256\) , \(512\times 512\) , and \(1024\times 1024\) images, respectively.