<p>Microbial fuel cells (MFCs) have been emerging as a promising technology for efficient and sustainable energy production from wastewater. MFCs produce electricity by controlling the metabolic activity of microorganisms present in wastewaters. Such a process is not only used for the conversion of wastes to energy, but also it is considered as an environmentally friendly strategy for wastewater treatment. Several feasibility studies have been carried out on the application of MFCs for wastewater treatment which have approved the potential of this technology for energy production and resource recovery. However, further investigations should be carried out on optimization of MFCs real application and finding appropriate solutions to their technical and economic challenges related to their scale-up.</p>