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<p>Groundwater is a vital source of drinking water across Madhya Pradesh, fulfilling over 90% of domestic needs. In Khargone district, the aquifer system is classified as overexploited, with rising concerns over water quality degradation. This study presents a comprehensive hydrochemical and human health risk assessment of 350 groundwater samples from 59 locations in the Nimar region. Physicochemical parameters—including nitrate, fluoride, hardness, and total dissolved solids—were analyzed per BIS and WHO standards. Principal Component Analysis (PCA), Cluster Analysis, and Piper diagrams revealed dominant Ca–Mg–HCO<sub>3</sub> facies with localized transitions to Na–Cl regimes, indicating both geogenic and anthropogenic influences. Human Health Risk Assessment (HHRA) highlighted nitrate as the primary non-carcinogenic risk factor; 42 borewells exceeded permissible NO<sub>3</sub><sup>−</sup> levels, and two sites exhibited co-contamination with fluoride, suggesting compounded health hazards such as methemoglobinemia and fluorosis. The calculated Water Quality Index (WQI) of 81.91 categorized groundwater as moderately polluted, requiring treatment prior to consumption. This study presents an innovative, multidisciplinary approach to groundwater assessment in Khargone district, combining hydrochemical analysis, geostatistical processing, and public health risk evaluation. The study demonstrates a robust framework for groundwater safety assessment in agriculturally intensive and semi-arid regions. It emphasizes the role of seasonal facies shifts, land use practices, and geological controls in shaping water quality, informing targeted remediation strategies and sustainable resource management. This integrative methodology holds translational potential for water security policy and regional planning across similar geo-hydrological settings.</p>

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Study of Groundwater Quality and Its Human Health Risk Assessment to Population Exposed in the Region of Nimar, Madhya Pradesh, India

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年4月17日

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  • Devaanshi Jagwani,
  • Jai Rathore

摘要

Groundwater is a vital source of drinking water across Madhya Pradesh, fulfilling over 90% of domestic needs. In Khargone district, the aquifer system is classified as overexploited, with rising concerns over water quality degradation. This study presents a comprehensive hydrochemical and human health risk assessment of 350 groundwater samples from 59 locations in the Nimar region. Physicochemical parameters—including nitrate, fluoride, hardness, and total dissolved solids—were analyzed per BIS and WHO standards. Principal Component Analysis (PCA), Cluster Analysis, and Piper diagrams revealed dominant Ca–Mg–HCO3 facies with localized transitions to Na–Cl regimes, indicating both geogenic and anthropogenic influences. Human Health Risk Assessment (HHRA) highlighted nitrate as the primary non-carcinogenic risk factor; 42 borewells exceeded permissible NO3− levels, and two sites exhibited co-contamination with fluoride, suggesting compounded health hazards such as methemoglobinemia and fluorosis. The calculated Water Quality Index (WQI) of 81.91 categorized groundwater as moderately polluted, requiring treatment prior to consumption. This study presents an innovative, multidisciplinary approach to groundwater assessment in Khargone district, combining hydrochemical analysis, geostatistical processing, and public health risk evaluation. The study demonstrates a robust framework for groundwater safety assessment in agriculturally intensive and semi-arid regions. It emphasizes the role of seasonal facies shifts, land use practices, and geological controls in shaping water quality, informing targeted remediation strategies and sustainable resource management. This integrative methodology holds translational potential for water security policy and regional planning across similar geo-hydrological settings.