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<p>In regions where sand is mixed with organic content—either naturally or through the reuse of in-situ soils—there is a need for cost-effective, low-carbon stabilization techniques. This study works on such conditions using 20% organic content and investigates how locally available sustainable additives —pumice powder (PP), rice husk waste (RW), and iron oxide powder (IOP)—can improve compaction behavior, a significant feature in various engineering applications. The study presents the compaction behavior of sand-organic soil mixture (sand with 20% organic soil) modified with 5–20% PP, RW, and IOP. The results showed that the addition of 20% organic soil resulted in 5% decrease in maximum dry density (<InlineEquation ID="IEq1"> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\(\:{{\uprho\:}}_{\text{d}\text{m}\text{a}\text{x}})\)</EquationSource> </InlineEquation> and a 20% increase in optimum water content <b>(</b><InlineEquation ID="IEq2"> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\(\:{\text{w}}_{\text{o}\text{p}\text{t}})\)</EquationSource> </InlineEquation> of clean sand. Addition of 5%, 10%, and 20% PP to the sand–organic soil mixture resulted in 12%, 14%, and 19% decrease in <InlineEquation ID="IEq3"> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\(\:{{\uprho\:}}_{\text{d}\text{m}\text{a}\text{x}}\)</EquationSource> </InlineEquation> and 24%, 37%, and 54% increase in <InlineEquation ID="IEq4"> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\(\:{\text{w}}_{\text{o}\text{p}\text{t}}\:\)</EquationSource> </InlineEquation>values, respectively. Similarly, decreases of 16%, 22%, and 38% in <InlineEquation ID="IEq5"> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\(\:{{\uprho\:}}_{\text{d}\text{m}\text{a}\text{x}}\)</EquationSource> </InlineEquation> and increases of 38%, 41%, and 59% in <InlineEquation ID="IEq6"> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\(\:{\text{w}}_{\text{o}\text{p}\text{t}}\)</EquationSource> </InlineEquation>values were observed with additional RW content ranging from 5% to 20%. The addition of 10% and 20% IOP increased <InlineEquation ID="IEq7"> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\(\:{{\uprho\:}}_{\text{d}\text{m}\text{a}\text{x}}\)</EquationSource> </InlineEquation> value of sand-organic soil mixture. The results suggest that such waste-based additives can be used for geotechnical applications, including lightweight embankments.</p>

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Effect of Sustainable Additives on the Compaction of a Sand-Organic Soil Mixture

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年4月9日

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  • Waleed Zaid,
  • Suleyman Demir,
  • Ali Firat Cabalar

摘要

In regions where sand is mixed with organic content—either naturally or through the reuse of in-situ soils—there is a need for cost-effective, low-carbon stabilization techniques. This study works on such conditions using 20% organic content and investigates how locally available sustainable additives —pumice powder (PP), rice husk waste (RW), and iron oxide powder (IOP)—can improve compaction behavior, a significant feature in various engineering applications. The study presents the compaction behavior of sand-organic soil mixture (sand with 20% organic soil) modified with 5–20% PP, RW, and IOP. The results showed that the addition of 20% organic soil resulted in 5% decrease in maximum dry density ( \(\:{{\uprho\:}}_{\text{d}\text{m}\text{a}\text{x}})\) and a 20% increase in optimum water content ( \(\:{\text{w}}_{\text{o}\text{p}\text{t}})\) of clean sand. Addition of 5%, 10%, and 20% PP to the sand–organic soil mixture resulted in 12%, 14%, and 19% decrease in \(\:{{\uprho\:}}_{\text{d}\text{m}\text{a}\text{x}}\) and 24%, 37%, and 54% increase in \(\:{\text{w}}_{\text{o}\text{p}\text{t}}\:\) values, respectively. Similarly, decreases of 16%, 22%, and 38% in \(\:{{\uprho\:}}_{\text{d}\text{m}\text{a}\text{x}}\) and increases of 38%, 41%, and 59% in \(\:{\text{w}}_{\text{o}\text{p}\text{t}}\) values were observed with additional RW content ranging from 5% to 20%. The addition of 10% and 20% IOP increased \(\:{{\uprho\:}}_{\text{d}\text{m}\text{a}\text{x}}\) value of sand-organic soil mixture. The results suggest that such waste-based additives can be used for geotechnical applications, including lightweight embankments.