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<p>This study investigates chicken eggshell powder (CESP), a sustainable adsorbent derived from food waste, for the removal of Pb(II) from wastewater. Batch experiments achieved 99.92% removal efficiency at pH 7 with a 1.5&#xa0;g/L dose. XRD, SEM, and FTIR characterization revealed CESP’s semi-crystalline CaCO₃ structure with porous morphology and functional groups (O-H, C=O) essential for lead adsorption. Adsorption followed the Langmuir isotherm (R<sup>2</sup> = 0.954) with a maximum capacity of 454.54&#xa0;mg/g, indicating monolayer adsorption. Kinetics confirmed the pseudo-second-order model (R<sup>2</sup> = 0.996), suggesting chemisorption. Thermodynamic analysis revealed negative ΔG° values (− 4.59 to − 16.92&#xa0;kJ/mol), positive ΔH° (+ 45.2&#xa0;kJ/mol), and positive ΔS° (+ 169.6&#xa0;J/mol K), confirming spontaneous, endothermic chemisorption via ion-exchange mechanisms. These findings establish CESP as an efficient, eco-friendly, cost-effective adsorbent for Pb(II)-contaminated wastewater treatment with promising industrial applications.</p>

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Effectiveness of Eggshells in Remediation of Lead Metal Ions: Isotherms and Kinetics Study

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年3月30日

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  • Vinay Raj,
  • Mrityunjay Singh Chauhan,
  • Sunder Lal Pal

摘要

This study investigates chicken eggshell powder (CESP), a sustainable adsorbent derived from food waste, for the removal of Pb(II) from wastewater. Batch experiments achieved 99.92% removal efficiency at pH 7 with a 1.5 g/L dose. XRD, SEM, and FTIR characterization revealed CESP’s semi-crystalline CaCO₃ structure with porous morphology and functional groups (O-H, C=O) essential for lead adsorption. Adsorption followed the Langmuir isotherm (R2 = 0.954) with a maximum capacity of 454.54 mg/g, indicating monolayer adsorption. Kinetics confirmed the pseudo-second-order model (R2 = 0.996), suggesting chemisorption. Thermodynamic analysis revealed negative ΔG° values (− 4.59 to − 16.92 kJ/mol), positive ΔH° (+ 45.2 kJ/mol), and positive ΔS° (+ 169.6 J/mol K), confirming spontaneous, endothermic chemisorption via ion-exchange mechanisms. These findings establish CESP as an efficient, eco-friendly, cost-effective adsorbent for Pb(II)-contaminated wastewater treatment with promising industrial applications.