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<p>Wireless sensor networks (WSNs) are integral to IoT systems but face challenges related to limited energy resources and network lifetime. This paper presents a novel energy-efficient cluster head selection method using the binary hiking optimization algorithm (BHOA). The approach employs a multi-objective fitness function that considers network coverage, residual energy, and load balancing. To improve convergence and diversity, BHOA-CM integrates single-point crossover and adaptive bit-flip mutation. Simulations on a 100-node WSN show that BHOA-CM significantly outperforms existing protocols such as CSO, CUWSN, MFOBR, EOCSR, and ECERO. It achieves up to 35.6% improvement in network lifetime, 31.4% reduction in energy consumption, and 28.7% increase in packets delivered to the base station. The proposed method also delays the first node death and sustains all nodes until 22,415 rounds, demonstrating its effectiveness in energy balancing and prolonged network operation.</p>

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Adaptive Cluster Head Selection in IoT-Based WSNs Using Enhanced Binary Hiking Optimization

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年3月30日

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  • Yash Veer Singh,
  • Shadab Khan,
  • Prasant Singh Yadav,
  • Vinay Kumar Singh,
  • Prashant Tomer

摘要

Wireless sensor networks (WSNs) are integral to IoT systems but face challenges related to limited energy resources and network lifetime. This paper presents a novel energy-efficient cluster head selection method using the binary hiking optimization algorithm (BHOA). The approach employs a multi-objective fitness function that considers network coverage, residual energy, and load balancing. To improve convergence and diversity, BHOA-CM integrates single-point crossover and adaptive bit-flip mutation. Simulations on a 100-node WSN show that BHOA-CM significantly outperforms existing protocols such as CSO, CUWSN, MFOBR, EOCSR, and ECERO. It achieves up to 35.6% improvement in network lifetime, 31.4% reduction in energy consumption, and 28.7% increase in packets delivered to the base station. The proposed method also delays the first node death and sustains all nodes until 22,415 rounds, demonstrating its effectiveness in energy balancing and prolonged network operation.