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<p>Managing paddy straw is a significant challenge in north-western India due to the large residue generated annually from rice cultivation. This study was undertaken to evaluate energy and carbon footprints with economic analysis of various paddy straw management practices being followed in this region. The research, carried out over three rice harvest seasons (2022–2024), aimed to assess 13 different in-situ and ex-situ practices used for straw management. The in-situ management was further categorized into surface retention, partial, and complete incorporation. The results indicate that surface retention, particularly through Zero-till and Happy seeder machines, offers the most energy-efficient and cost-effective solutions, significantly reducing both operational costs and carbon emissions compared to straw incorporation machinery. The Zero-till drill practice, was the most energy-efficient and cost-effective, with the lowest energy consumption (399&#xa0;MJ/ha), carbon emissions (5&#xa0;kg-CE/ha), and operational cost (15.14 $/ha). In contrast, complete incorporation, such as with the Mulcher + Plough + Rotavator + Zero-till drill, resulted in highest energy use (3460&#xa0;MJ/ha), carbon emissions (45&#xa0;kg-CE/ha), and cost (117.59 $/ha). Super seeder provided a more efficient alternative with moderate energy consumption (1709&#xa0;MJ/ha) and lower emissions (22&#xa0;kg-CE/ha, 72&#xa0;kg-CO₂e/ha). Partial incorporation using the Smart seeder offered a balanced approach, reducing energy and emissions while maintaining lower costs. The results indicate that surface retention and partial incorporation practices are the most sustainable approaches in terms of environmental and economic performance, while straw incorporation, although beneficial for soil fertility, come with higher energy demands, carbon emissions, and operational costs.</p>

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Energy and Carbon Footprints with Operational Cost Analysis of Various Paddy Straw Management Machinery in North-Western India

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年7月11日

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  • Swapnil Choudhary,
  • Ganesh Upadhyay,
  • Neeraj Kumar,
  • Naresh Sihag,
  • Bharat Patel,
  • Vijaya Rani

摘要

Managing paddy straw is a significant challenge in north-western India due to the large residue generated annually from rice cultivation. This study was undertaken to evaluate energy and carbon footprints with economic analysis of various paddy straw management practices being followed in this region. The research, carried out over three rice harvest seasons (2022–2024), aimed to assess 13 different in-situ and ex-situ practices used for straw management. The in-situ management was further categorized into surface retention, partial, and complete incorporation. The results indicate that surface retention, particularly through Zero-till and Happy seeder machines, offers the most energy-efficient and cost-effective solutions, significantly reducing both operational costs and carbon emissions compared to straw incorporation machinery. The Zero-till drill practice, was the most energy-efficient and cost-effective, with the lowest energy consumption (399 MJ/ha), carbon emissions (5 kg-CE/ha), and operational cost (15.14 $/ha). In contrast, complete incorporation, such as with the Mulcher + Plough + Rotavator + Zero-till drill, resulted in highest energy use (3460 MJ/ha), carbon emissions (45 kg-CE/ha), and cost (117.59 $/ha). Super seeder provided a more efficient alternative with moderate energy consumption (1709 MJ/ha) and lower emissions (22 kg-CE/ha, 72 kg-CO₂e/ha). Partial incorporation using the Smart seeder offered a balanced approach, reducing energy and emissions while maintaining lower costs. The results indicate that surface retention and partial incorporation practices are the most sustainable approaches in terms of environmental and economic performance, while straw incorporation, although beneficial for soil fertility, come with higher energy demands, carbon emissions, and operational costs.