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<p>A smart Android application, Olive ET Tracker (OETT), was developed to estimate reference Evapotranspiration (ETo) and real-time actual transpiration of olive trees using gridded weather data obtained from smart phone applications, particularly <i>The Weather Channel</i>, for any global location. The application is designed to support on-farm water management and enhance water-use efficiency in olive cultivation. OETT operates in two modes: (i) calculating ETo from meteorological data using the Penman–Monteith equation, or (ii) allowing users to input ETo values directly. Model performance was assessed using standard error metrics, including the coefficient of determination (R<sup>2</sup>), root mean square error (RMSE), and model efficiency (E). Validation against FAO’s Aquastat model demonstrated robust performance, with RMSE values ranging from 0.2&#xa0;mm in Siwa to 1.2&#xa0;mm in Riyadh, and an overall average of 0.65&#xa0;mm across sites. Model efficiency was highest in Siwa (0.99) and Ras Sudr (0.96), while Riyadh recorded a value of 0.81. The mean R<sup>2</sup> across regression analyses was 0.91, indicating strong agreement between OETT outputs and reference data. In addition, the application estimates actual transpiration (Tsap) using an empirical equation derived from sap flow measurements: Tsap = 13.10 × ETo + 11.39. Sap flow sensors were installed on olive trees in Ras Sudr between June and December 2023, recording real-time transpiration at 15-min intervals. The results revealed seasonal variation, with Tsap and ETc peaking during summer (June–August) due to higher temperatures and extended daylight hours, and declining during autumn and winter as temperatures dropped, reflecting lower water requirements. Overall, OETT provides a reliable and practical tool for precision irrigation management in olive orchards, offering farmers and researchers an accessible means to optimize water use under varying climatic conditions.</p>

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Smart Application Designed for Precision and Simplicity in Estimating Water Requirements for Olive Trees

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年2月2日

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  • Amr K. Mahmoud,
  • A. M. El-Gindy

摘要

A smart Android application, Olive ET Tracker (OETT), was developed to estimate reference Evapotranspiration (ETo) and real-time actual transpiration of olive trees using gridded weather data obtained from smart phone applications, particularly The Weather Channel, for any global location. The application is designed to support on-farm water management and enhance water-use efficiency in olive cultivation. OETT operates in two modes: (i) calculating ETo from meteorological data using the Penman–Monteith equation, or (ii) allowing users to input ETo values directly. Model performance was assessed using standard error metrics, including the coefficient of determination (R2), root mean square error (RMSE), and model efficiency (E). Validation against FAO’s Aquastat model demonstrated robust performance, with RMSE values ranging from 0.2 mm in Siwa to 1.2 mm in Riyadh, and an overall average of 0.65 mm across sites. Model efficiency was highest in Siwa (0.99) and Ras Sudr (0.96), while Riyadh recorded a value of 0.81. The mean R2 across regression analyses was 0.91, indicating strong agreement between OETT outputs and reference data. In addition, the application estimates actual transpiration (Tsap) using an empirical equation derived from sap flow measurements: Tsap = 13.10 × ETo + 11.39. Sap flow sensors were installed on olive trees in Ras Sudr between June and December 2023, recording real-time transpiration at 15-min intervals. The results revealed seasonal variation, with Tsap and ETc peaking during summer (June–August) due to higher temperatures and extended daylight hours, and declining during autumn and winter as temperatures dropped, reflecting lower water requirements. Overall, OETT provides a reliable and practical tool for precision irrigation management in olive orchards, offering farmers and researchers an accessible means to optimize water use under varying climatic conditions.