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Background <p>Mycoplasma pneumoniae (MPP) infections occur regularly every 1 to 3 years. A wave of infections was anticipated around late 2022 to early 2023. However, our data revealed a delayed onset, with a notable increase in cases in 2023/24. This study describes pediatric MPP detections during this resurgence and explores clinical differences between MPP mono-detection and MPP with rhinovirus/enterovirus (RV/EV) co-detection.</p> Methods <p>We retrospectively analyzed PCR-confirmed MPP detections in children aged 0–17 years presenting to a tertiary pediatric hospital between 2017 and 2024. Cases from 2017 to 2022 were used as descriptive historical background data (G1, <i>n</i> = 10), while the main analysis focused on the 2023/24 cohort (G2, <i>n</i> = 87). Within this cohort, children with MPP mono-detection were compared with those with MPP plus RV/EV co-detection. Group comparisons were performed using chi-square or Fisher’s exact test and t-test or Mann–Whitney U test, as appropriate.</p> Results <p>Ten sporadic MPP detections occurred between 2017 and 2022, compared with 87 detections in 2023/24, indicating a marked increase in hospital presentations. Because of the small historical group, comparisons with 2023/24 were interpreted descriptively. In the 2023/24 cohort, RV/EV was the most frequent viral co-detection. Compared with children with MPP mono-detection, children with MPP plus RV/EV co-detection were more often male, were less frequently febrile, and showed lower inflammatory parameters, including lower rates of elevated CRP and higher rates of leukopenia and neutropenia.</p> Conclusion <p>In 2023/24, Mycoplasma pneumoniae infections surged dramatically, accompanied by an unprecedented rise in Rhino/Enterovirus coinfections especially in young, male patients. While these findings highlight a potentially important phenotypic pattern, further prospective studies are needed to clarify causality, temporal sequence, and distinct underlying mechanisms.</p>

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Post-pandemic resurgence of Mycoplasma pneumoniae and its emerging link with Rhinovirus in children

  • 期刊论文

  • 出版模式：

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  • 发表日期：

    2026年5月27日

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  • Eva Brandlmeier,
  • Cora Nagl,
  • Jimmy Omony,
  • Laura Kolberg,
  • Melanie Meyer-Bühn,
  • Constanze Jakwerth,
  • Bianca Schaub,
  • Ulrich von Both,
  • Nicole Maison

摘要

Background

Mycoplasma pneumoniae (MPP) infections occur regularly every 1 to 3 years. A wave of infections was anticipated around late 2022 to early 2023. However, our data revealed a delayed onset, with a notable increase in cases in 2023/24. This study describes pediatric MPP detections during this resurgence and explores clinical differences between MPP mono-detection and MPP with rhinovirus/enterovirus (RV/EV) co-detection.

Methods

We retrospectively analyzed PCR-confirmed MPP detections in children aged 0–17 years presenting to a tertiary pediatric hospital between 2017 and 2024. Cases from 2017 to 2022 were used as descriptive historical background data (G1, n = 10), while the main analysis focused on the 2023/24 cohort (G2, n = 87). Within this cohort, children with MPP mono-detection were compared with those with MPP plus RV/EV co-detection. Group comparisons were performed using chi-square or Fisher’s exact test and t-test or Mann–Whitney U test, as appropriate.

Results

Ten sporadic MPP detections occurred between 2017 and 2022, compared with 87 detections in 2023/24, indicating a marked increase in hospital presentations. Because of the small historical group, comparisons with 2023/24 were interpreted descriptively. In the 2023/24 cohort, RV/EV was the most frequent viral co-detection. Compared with children with MPP mono-detection, children with MPP plus RV/EV co-detection were more often male, were less frequently febrile, and showed lower inflammatory parameters, including lower rates of elevated CRP and higher rates of leukopenia and neutropenia.

Conclusion

In 2023/24, Mycoplasma pneumoniae infections surged dramatically, accompanied by an unprecedented rise in Rhino/Enterovirus coinfections especially in young, male patients. While these findings highlight a potentially important phenotypic pattern, further prospective studies are needed to clarify causality, temporal sequence, and distinct underlying mechanisms.