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<p>Mining activities generate acid mine drainage (AMD) characterized by low pH and elevated metal concentrations, posing serious threats to aquatic and terrestrial ecosystems. This study aimed to evaluate the performance of fly ash granules (FAG), a composite of coal fly ash and Portland cement, as a reactive medium in constructed wetland systems (CWs) planted with Vetiver grass (<i>Vetiveria zizanioides</i>) for AMD treatment. Four lab-scale CW configurations were examined, including three horizontal subsurface-flow systems and one free-water surface system. The experiments were carried out for 240&#xa0;min to determine metal removal rates and for 21&#xa0;days to assess overall removal capacity and plant uptake. Results showed that the combined FAG-Vetiver system effectively neutralized acidity and removed metals (Fe, Mn, Cu, and Zn) from AMD, achieving up to 98%, 90%, 99%, and 98% removal efficiencies, respectively, within the first day. The pseudo-second-order kinetic model (R2 ≈ 0.99) best represented the metal adsorption behavior. During the short experimental period, metal removal was predominantly governed by chemical neutralization and adsorption processes of FAG, while the phytoremediation role of Vetiver grass was not yet significant. This study highlights the potential of the FAG and Vetiver combination as a cost-effective, low-maintenance, and environmentally friendly approach for AMD remediation.</p> Graphical abstract <p></p>

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Studies of metal removal from acid mine using fly ash granule and Vetiveria zizanioides in artificial wetlands

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年6月15日

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  • R. A. Rahman,
  • J. Wintoko,
  • H. T. B. M. Petrus,
  • A. Prasetya

摘要

Mining activities generate acid mine drainage (AMD) characterized by low pH and elevated metal concentrations, posing serious threats to aquatic and terrestrial ecosystems. This study aimed to evaluate the performance of fly ash granules (FAG), a composite of coal fly ash and Portland cement, as a reactive medium in constructed wetland systems (CWs) planted with Vetiver grass (Vetiveria zizanioides) for AMD treatment. Four lab-scale CW configurations were examined, including three horizontal subsurface-flow systems and one free-water surface system. The experiments were carried out for 240 min to determine metal removal rates and for 21 days to assess overall removal capacity and plant uptake. Results showed that the combined FAG-Vetiver system effectively neutralized acidity and removed metals (Fe, Mn, Cu, and Zn) from AMD, achieving up to 98%, 90%, 99%, and 98% removal efficiencies, respectively, within the first day. The pseudo-second-order kinetic model (R2 ≈ 0.99) best represented the metal adsorption behavior. During the short experimental period, metal removal was predominantly governed by chemical neutralization and adsorption processes of FAG, while the phytoremediation role of Vetiver grass was not yet significant. This study highlights the potential of the FAG and Vetiver combination as a cost-effective, low-maintenance, and environmentally friendly approach for AMD remediation.

Graphical abstract