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<p>Groundwater fluoride contamination poses serious public health risks, requiring efficient and affordable treatment materials. This study investigates aluminium-impregnated <i>Sesbania grandiflora</i> activated carbon for defluoridation under realistic conditions, focusing on removal efficiency, parameter optimization, adsorption behaviour, regeneration, and Bureau of Indian Standards compliance. Optimal conditions were 2.36&#xa0;mm particle size, 8&#xa0;g dosage, 300&#xa0;rpm, and 120&#xa0;min contact time. Characterization using Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy, energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy, and X-ray diffraction confirmed effectiveness. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy identified active N–H, =C–H, and metal–oxide groups involved in fluoride binding and adsorption mechanisms. Scanning electron microscopy showed a transition from rough, porous surfaces to smoother, more compact morphology after adsorption. Energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy revealed compositional changes, with carbon decreasing from 80.3 to 76.9&#xa0;wt% and oxygen increasing from 14.8 to 19.3&#xa0;wt%, along with minor increases in potassium, calcium, and phosphorus, confirming active-site participation. X-ray diffraction indicated reduced crystallinity from 25.2 to 18.9% and increased amorphous content from 74.8 to 81.1%. Under optimized conditions, aluminium-impregnated Sesbania grandiflora activated carbon achieved 92.6% fluoride removal at initial concentrations of 2.5–5&#xa0;mg/L. Adsorption followed Langmuir isotherm with maximum capacity of 0.35&#xa0;mg/g and pseudo-second-order kinetics (R<sup>2</sup> = 0.9978), indicating chemisorption. Treated water met Bureau of Indian Standards limits for all parameters, including fluoride, with pH stabilized at 6.8. Regeneration with 0.1&#xa0;M sodium hydroxide retained efficiency over three cycles, confirming suitability for groundwater defluoridation. The study concludes Al-SGAC is efficient, stable, and regenerable adsorbent for sustainable fluoride removal.</p> Graphical abstract <p></p>

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High-performance aluminium engineered biochar for sustainable groundwater fluoride removal

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年5月12日

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  • M. Perarul Selvan,
  • D. Sivakumar,
  • A. Al-Alawi,
  • R. Anand

摘要

Groundwater fluoride contamination poses serious public health risks, requiring efficient and affordable treatment materials. This study investigates aluminium-impregnated Sesbania grandiflora activated carbon for defluoridation under realistic conditions, focusing on removal efficiency, parameter optimization, adsorption behaviour, regeneration, and Bureau of Indian Standards compliance. Optimal conditions were 2.36 mm particle size, 8 g dosage, 300 rpm, and 120 min contact time. Characterization using Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy, energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy, and X-ray diffraction confirmed effectiveness. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy identified active N–H, =C–H, and metal–oxide groups involved in fluoride binding and adsorption mechanisms. Scanning electron microscopy showed a transition from rough, porous surfaces to smoother, more compact morphology after adsorption. Energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy revealed compositional changes, with carbon decreasing from 80.3 to 76.9 wt% and oxygen increasing from 14.8 to 19.3 wt%, along with minor increases in potassium, calcium, and phosphorus, confirming active-site participation. X-ray diffraction indicated reduced crystallinity from 25.2 to 18.9% and increased amorphous content from 74.8 to 81.1%. Under optimized conditions, aluminium-impregnated Sesbania grandiflora activated carbon achieved 92.6% fluoride removal at initial concentrations of 2.5–5 mg/L. Adsorption followed Langmuir isotherm with maximum capacity of 0.35 mg/g and pseudo-second-order kinetics (R2 = 0.9978), indicating chemisorption. Treated water met Bureau of Indian Standards limits for all parameters, including fluoride, with pH stabilized at 6.8. Regeneration with 0.1 M sodium hydroxide retained efficiency over three cycles, confirming suitability for groundwater defluoridation. The study concludes Al-SGAC is efficient, stable, and regenerable adsorbent for sustainable fluoride removal.

Graphical abstract