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<p>The persistence of pharmaceutical residues in aquatic environments continues to challenge the effectiveness of electrochemical wastewater treatment technologies, highlighting the necessity for stable and high-performing anodes. In this context, SnO<sub>2</sub>-based electrodes have gained considerable attention due to their cost benefits; however, their application remains constrained by limited electrochemical stability. In this study, a series of Ti-based anodes—including Ti/nanoSnO<sub>2</sub>, Ti/nanoCeO<sub>2</sub>, Ti/nanoBi<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub>, Ti/nanoSnO<sub>2</sub>-CeO<sub>2,</sub> and Ti/nanoSnO<sub>2</sub>-CeO<sub>2</sub>-Bi<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub>—were fabricated via electrophoretic deposition and evaluated to identify an optimized electrode. Structural and electrochemical assessments were employed to elucidate the influence of oxide composition and synergistic effects on anode performance and stability. Compared to the other electrodes, the Ti/nanoSnO<sub>2</sub>-CeO<sub>2</sub>-Bi<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub> anode exhibited a higher oxygen evolution potential of 2.06&#xa0;V, improved electrochemical stability, a lifespan of 400&#xa0;h, and superior corrosion resistance. To further assess the electrochemical activity of the optimized electrode, Ti/nanoSnO<sub>2</sub>-CeO<sub>2</sub>-Bi<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub> was selected for the oxidation of hydrochlorothiazide (HCTZ). Operating parameters were optimized using a central composite design. Under the optimal conditions (current density of 4&#xa0;mA&#xa0;cm<sup>−2</sup>, Na<sub>2</sub>SO<sub>4</sub> concentration of 3&#xa0;g&#xa0;L<sup>−1</sup>, pH 9, and reaction time of 120&#xa0;min), a maximum HCTZ removal efficiency of 60.03% was achieved. Overall, the results indicate that the Ti/nanoSnO<sub>2</sub>-CeO<sub>2</sub>-Bi<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub> anode offers enhanced stability and durability, supporting its potential as a viable anode for electrochemical wastewater treatment applications.</p>

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Novel Ti/nanoSnO2-CeO2-Bi2O3 anode for electrochemical oxidation of hydrochlorothiazide: performance, stability, and process optimization

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年4月24日

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  • F. Karimi,
  • Z. M. Mortezayirote,
  • F. N. Chianeh

摘要

The persistence of pharmaceutical residues in aquatic environments continues to challenge the effectiveness of electrochemical wastewater treatment technologies, highlighting the necessity for stable and high-performing anodes. In this context, SnO2-based electrodes have gained considerable attention due to their cost benefits; however, their application remains constrained by limited electrochemical stability. In this study, a series of Ti-based anodes—including Ti/nanoSnO2, Ti/nanoCeO2, Ti/nanoBi2O3, Ti/nanoSnO2-CeO2, and Ti/nanoSnO2-CeO2-Bi2O3—were fabricated via electrophoretic deposition and evaluated to identify an optimized electrode. Structural and electrochemical assessments were employed to elucidate the influence of oxide composition and synergistic effects on anode performance and stability. Compared to the other electrodes, the Ti/nanoSnO2-CeO2-Bi2O3 anode exhibited a higher oxygen evolution potential of 2.06 V, improved electrochemical stability, a lifespan of 400 h, and superior corrosion resistance. To further assess the electrochemical activity of the optimized electrode, Ti/nanoSnO2-CeO2-Bi2O3 was selected for the oxidation of hydrochlorothiazide (HCTZ). Operating parameters were optimized using a central composite design. Under the optimal conditions (current density of 4 mA cm−2, Na2SO4 concentration of 3 g L−1, pH 9, and reaction time of 120 min), a maximum HCTZ removal efficiency of 60.03% was achieved. Overall, the results indicate that the Ti/nanoSnO2-CeO2-Bi2O3 anode offers enhanced stability and durability, supporting its potential as a viable anode for electrochemical wastewater treatment applications.