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<p>In this study, BN/TiO<sub>2</sub> was evaluated for the photocatalytic removal of ciprofloxacin (CIP) under UV irradiation in real water collected from a drinking water treatment plant (DWTP) at the following treatment points: influent, clarifier, and effluent. Comparative photocatalytic experiments were conducted in both synthetic and real water matrices using TiO<sub>2</sub>, BN, and BN/TiO<sub>2</sub>. The optimized parameters were pH 5, CIP concentration 5&#xa0;mg/L, and photocatalyst dosage 20&#xa0;mg. The highest removal efficiency of 97.04% was determined under these optimised parameters. BN/TiO<sub>2</sub> outperformed both the synthesized TiO<sub>2</sub> and BN due to synergistic effects arising from strong interfacial contact, which facilitated efficient charge separation, where BN acted as an electron sink. Superoxide radicals (O<sub>2</sub><sup>•−</sup>) were the primary species responsible for CIP photocatalytic removal, with the contribution of the other scavengers in the order: holes &gt; electrons &gt; hydroxyl radicals. The photocatalytic removal efficiencies of CIP using BN/TiO<sub>2</sub> were 69.3%, 83.3%, and 90.2% in the influent, clarifier, and effluent, respectively. Enhanced removal in the effluent was attributed to lower turbidity, which improved light transmission; higher dissolved oxygen that promoted superoxide radical formation; and increased ionic strength, which facilitated charge transport while suppressing electron–hole recombination. One-way ANOVA confirmed that both the operational parameters and the water matrix significantly influenced BN/TiO<sub>2</sub> photocatalytic removal of CIP. These findings position BN/TiO<sub>2</sub> as a promising photocatalyst for DWTP integration, ideally in fixed-bed reactors post-clarifier stage for easy recovery. For practical use, UV-powered BN/TiO<sub>2</sub> system proves most effective between clarifier and disinfection stages under near-neutral pH conditions.</p>

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Photocatalytic removal of ciprofloxacin in drinking water treatment plant process using nanocomposite BN/TiO2

  • 期刊论文

  • 出版模式：

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  • 发表日期：

    2026年4月24日

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  • N. S. N. Mabaso,
  • C. S. Tshangana,
  • T. T. I. Nkambule,
  • A. A. Muleja

摘要

In this study, BN/TiO2 was evaluated for the photocatalytic removal of ciprofloxacin (CIP) under UV irradiation in real water collected from a drinking water treatment plant (DWTP) at the following treatment points: influent, clarifier, and effluent. Comparative photocatalytic experiments were conducted in both synthetic and real water matrices using TiO2, BN, and BN/TiO2. The optimized parameters were pH 5, CIP concentration 5 mg/L, and photocatalyst dosage 20 mg. The highest removal efficiency of 97.04% was determined under these optimised parameters. BN/TiO2 outperformed both the synthesized TiO2 and BN due to synergistic effects arising from strong interfacial contact, which facilitated efficient charge separation, where BN acted as an electron sink. Superoxide radicals (O2•−) were the primary species responsible for CIP photocatalytic removal, with the contribution of the other scavengers in the order: holes > electrons > hydroxyl radicals. The photocatalytic removal efficiencies of CIP using BN/TiO2 were 69.3%, 83.3%, and 90.2% in the influent, clarifier, and effluent, respectively. Enhanced removal in the effluent was attributed to lower turbidity, which improved light transmission; higher dissolved oxygen that promoted superoxide radical formation; and increased ionic strength, which facilitated charge transport while suppressing electron–hole recombination. One-way ANOVA confirmed that both the operational parameters and the water matrix significantly influenced BN/TiO2 photocatalytic removal of CIP. These findings position BN/TiO2 as a promising photocatalyst for DWTP integration, ideally in fixed-bed reactors post-clarifier stage for easy recovery. For practical use, UV-powered BN/TiO2 system proves most effective between clarifier and disinfection stages under near-neutral pH conditions.