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<p>The synthetic quinolone antibiotic nalidixic acid (NA) has been recognized as a persistent water pollutant owing to its resistance to degradation, its bioaccumulation potential, and its environmental and health hazards. Widespread application and residual removal during regular wastewater treatment processes are primarily accountable for its overall occurrence in surface water, sediments, and even drinking water. This review covers the most important recent developments in sustainable remediation technologies for the removal of NA from aqueous solutions. Adsorption on green and biobased sorbents, metal oxide and nanocarbonaceous-based photocatalytic degradation, membrane treatment, and novel biological treatments are emphasized. Performance comparison, advantages, and limitations of the processes are compared in tabular form, taking cost, environment, and scalability into account. Greatest issues such as regeneration efficiency, secondary pollution, and applicability under real wastewater conditions are brought into prominence. Finally, future direction includes the incorporation of hybrid systems, a circular bioeconomy approach, and high-level functionalization of advanced materials with an objective to achieve efficient, green, and sustainable remediation of NA.</p>

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Current developments for sustainable technology-based methods of removing nalidixic acid from contaminated wastewater and aquatic systems

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年4月11日

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  • N. El Messaoudi,
  • J. Georgin,
  • D. S. P. Franco,
  • A. El Azizi,
  • M. Yılmazoğlu,
  • Y. Miyah,
  • M. Harja,
  • K. S. Al-Namshah

摘要

The synthetic quinolone antibiotic nalidixic acid (NA) has been recognized as a persistent water pollutant owing to its resistance to degradation, its bioaccumulation potential, and its environmental and health hazards. Widespread application and residual removal during regular wastewater treatment processes are primarily accountable for its overall occurrence in surface water, sediments, and even drinking water. This review covers the most important recent developments in sustainable remediation technologies for the removal of NA from aqueous solutions. Adsorption on green and biobased sorbents, metal oxide and nanocarbonaceous-based photocatalytic degradation, membrane treatment, and novel biological treatments are emphasized. Performance comparison, advantages, and limitations of the processes are compared in tabular form, taking cost, environment, and scalability into account. Greatest issues such as regeneration efficiency, secondary pollution, and applicability under real wastewater conditions are brought into prominence. Finally, future direction includes the incorporation of hybrid systems, a circular bioeconomy approach, and high-level functionalization of advanced materials with an objective to achieve efficient, green, and sustainable remediation of NA.