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<p>This study uses a novel base fluid derived from <i>Aspergillus niger</i> fungus biomass filtrate (FBF), blended with distilled water at different ratios (100:0, 70:30, 50:50 and 30:70) to synthesize single and hybrid (50:50) SiO<sub>2</sub> and Fe<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub> bionanofluids, and evaluates their environmental impacts, visual stability, and thermophysical properties at 0.5% nanoparticle volumetric concentration. Visual observation and field emission scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM) analysis respectively indicated higher stability and uniform spherical morphology in SiO<sub>2</sub> and hybrid SiO<sub>2</sub>–Fe<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub> bionanofluids, whereas Fe<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub> bionanofluids exhibited agglomerated, irregular, and unstable structures. Dynamic light scattering (DLS) results showed the smallest particle size (61.83&#xa0;nm) for the hybrid bionanofluid (100:0 base fluid ratio), compared with SiO<sub>2</sub> (93.73&#xa0;nm) and Fe<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub> (64.75&#xa0;nm) bionanofluids. Energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS) confirmed the presence of SiO<sub>2</sub> and Fe<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub> along with carbon originating from fungal biomolecules in the hybrid bionanofluids. The thermal conductivity of hybrid bionanofluids enhanced with the simultaneous increase in FBF ratio and biosynthesis time, reaching a maximum of 0.691&#xa0;W/m.K)100:0 FBF:DW base fluid ratio after 24&#xa0;h) compared to SiO<sub>2</sub> (0.562&#xa0;W/m.K) and Fe<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub> (0.590&#xa0;W/m.K) bionanofluids. The electrical conductivity of hybrid bionanofluids also improved with increasing FBF content. Additionally, three bionanofluids’ life cycle assessments were assessed and compared through following an administration diverse route. The most significant factor was human carcinogenic toxicity, accounting for 91.5%, 99.7% and 95.4% in SiO<sub>2</sub>, Fe<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub>, and SiO<sub>2</sub>−Fe<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub> bionanofluids, respectively. The stable SiO<sub>2</sub>–Fe<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub> hybrid bionanofluids with excellent thermo-electrical properties and low environmental impacts, show strong potential for sustainable heat-transfer applications.</p>

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Environmental assessment and thermo-physical performance of novel single-hybrid silicon dioxide/iron oxide bionanofluids synthesized using Aspergillus niger

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年6月1日

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  • M. Alibaba,
  • S. A. H. Zamzamian,
  • E. Abdollahzadeh Sharghi,
  • L. Mohammadi

摘要

This study uses a novel base fluid derived from Aspergillus niger fungus biomass filtrate (FBF), blended with distilled water at different ratios (100:0, 70:30, 50:50 and 30:70) to synthesize single and hybrid (50:50) SiO2 and Fe2O3 bionanofluids, and evaluates their environmental impacts, visual stability, and thermophysical properties at 0.5% nanoparticle volumetric concentration. Visual observation and field emission scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM) analysis respectively indicated higher stability and uniform spherical morphology in SiO2 and hybrid SiO2–Fe2O3 bionanofluids, whereas Fe2O3 bionanofluids exhibited agglomerated, irregular, and unstable structures. Dynamic light scattering (DLS) results showed the smallest particle size (61.83 nm) for the hybrid bionanofluid (100:0 base fluid ratio), compared with SiO2 (93.73 nm) and Fe2O3 (64.75 nm) bionanofluids. Energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS) confirmed the presence of SiO2 and Fe2O3 along with carbon originating from fungal biomolecules in the hybrid bionanofluids. The thermal conductivity of hybrid bionanofluids enhanced with the simultaneous increase in FBF ratio and biosynthesis time, reaching a maximum of 0.691 W/m.K)100:0 FBF:DW base fluid ratio after 24 h) compared to SiO2 (0.562 W/m.K) and Fe2O3 (0.590 W/m.K) bionanofluids. The electrical conductivity of hybrid bionanofluids also improved with increasing FBF content. Additionally, three bionanofluids’ life cycle assessments were assessed and compared through following an administration diverse route. The most significant factor was human carcinogenic toxicity, accounting for 91.5%, 99.7% and 95.4% in SiO2, Fe2O3, and SiO2−Fe2O3 bionanofluids, respectively. The stable SiO2–Fe2O3 hybrid bionanofluids with excellent thermo-electrical properties and low environmental impacts, show strong potential for sustainable heat-transfer applications.